{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:23:14Z","timestamp":1791462194335,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The International Atomic Energy Agency, as part of the new regional project (RAF\/9\/059), recommend the establishment of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in Africa. In response to this recommendation, this project was designed to establish and utilise national DRLs of routine computed tomography (CT) examinations. These were done by estimating CT dose index and dose length product (DLP) from a minimum of 20 patient dose report of the most frequently used procedures using 75th percentile distribution of the median values. In all, 22 centres that formed 54% of all CT equipment in the country took part in this study. Additionally, a total of 2156 adult patients dose report were randomly selected, with a percentage distribution of 60, 12, 21 and 7% for head, chest, abdomen\u2013pelvis and lumber spine, respectively. The established DRL for volume CT dose index were 60.0, 15.7, 20.5 and 23.8\u00a0mGy for head, chest, abdomen\u2013pelvis and lumber spine, respectively. While the established DRL for DLP were 962.9, 1102.8, 1393.5 and 824.6\u00a0mGy-cm for head, chest, abdomen\u2013pelvis, and lumber spine, respectively. These preliminary results were comparable with data from 16 other African countries, European Commission and the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Hence, this study would serve as a baseline for the establishment of a more generalised regional and national adult DRLs for Africa and other developing countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncae040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:31:10Z","timestamp":1709857870000},"page":"564-571","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Establishment and utilisation of national diagnostic reference level for adult computed tomography examinations in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"200","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5343-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiraz","family":"Issahaku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Medical Radiation Physics Center , Box LG 80, Legon, Accra , Ghana"},{"name":"University of Ghana, Department of Medical Physics , Box LG 80, Legon, Accra , Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Boadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Medical Radiation Physics Center , Box LG 80, Legon, Accra , Ghana"},{"name":"University of Ghana, Department of Medical Physics , Box LG 80, Legon, Accra , Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Inkoom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Medical Radiation Physics Center , Box LG 80, Legon, Accra , Ghana"},{"name":"University of Ghana, Department of Medical Physics , Box LG 80, Legon, Accra , Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Hasford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Medical Radiation Physics Center , Box LG 80, Legon, Accra , Ghana"},{"name":"University of Ghana, Department of Medical Physics , Box LG 80, Legon, Accra , Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theophilus A","family":"Sackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Medical Radiation Physics Center , Box LG 80, Legon, Accra , Ghana"},{"name":"University of Ghana, Department of Medical Physics , Box LG 80, Legon, Accra , Ghana"},{"name":"Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Department of Radiology , PMB, Accra , Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024042206061447900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncp144","article-title":"Patient doses in CT examinations in 18 countries: initial results from International Atomic Energy Agency projects","volume":"136","author":"Muhogora","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiat. 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Radiol."},{"key":"2024042206061447900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.05.050","article-title":"Establishing national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for computed tomography in Egypt","volume":"39","author":"Salama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physica Medica."},{"key":"2024042206061447900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncaa116","article-title":"Adult CT examinations in Algeria: towards updating national diagnostic reference levels","volume":"190","author":"Khelassi-Toutaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042206061447900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncaa114","article-title":"Proposed national diagnostic reference levels for standard radiographic x-ray procedures in Sudan","volume":"190","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. 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