{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:53:25Z","timestamp":1780584805359,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study focuses on patient radiation exposure in interventional neuroradiology (INR) procedures, a field that has advanced significantly since its inception in the 1980s. INR employs minimally invasive techniques to treat complex cerebrovascular diseases in the head, neck, and spine. The study establishes diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for three clinical indications (CIs): stroke (S), brain aneurysms (ANs), and brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Data from 209 adult patients were analyzed, and DRLs were determined in terms of various dosimetric and technical quantities. For stroke, the established DRLs median values were found to be 78\u00a0Gy\u00a0cm2, 378\u00a0mGy, 118\u00a0mGy, 12\u00a0min, 442 images, and 15 runs. Similarly, DRLs for brain AN are 85\u00a0Gy\u00a0cm2, 611\u00a0mGy, 95.5\u00a0mGy, 19.5, 717 images, and 26 runs. For brain AVM, the DRL\u2019s are 180\u00a0Gy\u00a0cm2, 1144\u00a0mGy, 537\u00a0mGy, 36\u00a0min, 1375 images, and 31 runs. Notably, this study is unique in reporting DRLs for specific CIs within INR procedures, providing valuable insights for optimizing patient safety and radiation exposure management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncae113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T03:32:15Z","timestamp":1714793535000},"page":"755-762","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Clinical diagnostic reference levels in neuroradiology based on clinical indication"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Antar","family":"Aly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Section, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha 3050 , Qatar"},{"name":"Radiology Department, Weill Cornell Medicine , Doha 24144 , Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Tsapaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Department, Konstantopoulio Hospital , 142 33 Nea Ionia, Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman Zakaria","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department , Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050 , Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Own","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department , Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050 , Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satya","family":"Patro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department , Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050 , Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Al Naemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Weill Cornell Medicine , Doha 24144 , Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hassan","family":"Kharita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Section, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha 3050 , Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024060500055836100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/05-121","article-title":"Update on interventional neuroradiology","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Perm"},{"key":"2024060500055836100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.09.015","article-title":"Radiation dose optimization in diagnostic and interventional radiology: current issues and future perspectives","volume":"79","author":"Tsapaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"2024060500055836100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.06.634","article-title":"The International Atomic Energy Agency action plan on radiation protection of patients and staff in interventional procedures: achieving change in practice","volume":"52","author":"Tsapaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"2024060500055836100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W462","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11765","article-title":"I perform more than 100 interventional procedures every year but have never seen radiation-induced skin injury: am I missing something?","volume":"203","author":"Tsapaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2024060500055836100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.2115","article-title":"Radiation exposure to patients during interventional procedures in 20 countries: initial IAEA project results","volume":"193","author":"Tsapaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2024060500055836100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3884","article-title":"Brain radiation doses to patients in an interventional neuroradiology laboratory","volume":"35","author":"Sanchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2024060500055836100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0924-5945","article-title":"Investigation of radiation exposure of patients with acute ischemic stroke during mechanical thrombectomy","volume":"191","author":"B\u00e4renf\u00e4nger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"2024060500055836100_ref8","volume-title":"International Basic Safety Standards General Safety Requirements International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safety Standards. 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