{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T15:10:08Z","timestamp":1756393808381,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"13-14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Thyroid dose estimations after nuclear power plant (NPP) accidents are traditionally based on internal uptake of radioiodine, mainly 131I, either by instrumental measurements of thyroid uptake or by ecological estimations based on geographical dispersion of the radioiodine cloud, demographics, and food habits. However, it has been shown that 134Cs and 137Cs in some cases can be the dominant contributors to the thyroid dose over long time following NPP accidents. Based on an ecological model using Swedish-specific parameters of the radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident in 1986, estimations of the protracted (30\u00a0years) thyroid absorbed dose were made for the population in northern Sweden (2.2 million inhabitants in 1986). The internal dose contribution was estimated from both the short-lived nuclides\u2014mainly 131I (T\u00bd,phys\u00a0=\u00a08.1 d) in dairy milk and from inhalation\u2014and nuclides with longer half-lives\u2014134Cs (T\u00bd,phys\u00a0=\u00a02.06 y) and 137Cs from aggregate ecological transfer of radiocesium in foodstuff (T\u00bd,phys\u00a0=\u00a030.2 y). The external radiation dose to the thyroid was based on air-borne measurements of the ground deposition of 137Cs, combined with absorbed dose contribution of short-lived radionuclides and with correction for shielding from residential buildings and snow cover. The total thyroid absorbed dose from 1986 to 2015 ranged from 0.06 to 15.5\u00a0mGy (mean 2.0\u00a0mGy) among subjects in the study population. The calculated mean thyroid absorbed dose the first year was 0.7\u00a0mGy, where radioiodine accounted for ~0.3\u00a0mGy. The protracted thyroid absorbed dose after 30\u00a0years was 0.3\u00a0mGy (15%) from 131I, and 1.7\u00a0mGy (85%) from internal and external 134Cs and 137Cs taken together. Hence, the estimated mean absorbed dose contribution from radiocesium was higher than for radioiodine (131I) both in the first year and in the consecutive 30\u00a0years. Furthermore, the 30-year external absorbed dose (1.2\u00a0mGy) dominates over the internal absorbed dose (0.8\u00a0mGy) to the thyroid. This finding is of relevance for low-dose exposure epidemiological studies of thyroid cancer which previously have focused solely on radioiodine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncaf035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T14:42:58Z","timestamp":1756392178000},"page":"899-904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protracted exposure to 134Cs and 137Cs gives substantial contribution to long-term thyroid absorbed dose after nuclear power plant accidents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"W\u00e5linder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala , Akademiska Sjukhuset, 751 85 Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital , 751 85 Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Isaksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gula str\u00e5ket 2B, SU, 413 45 G\u00f6teborg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"R\u00e4\u00e4f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University , Inga Marie Nilssons Gata 47, 205 02 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Tondel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala , Akademiska Sjukhuset, 751 85 Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital , 751 85 Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082810425359800_ref1","first-page":"591","volume-title":"The Chernobyl fallout in Sweden-results from a research programme on environmental radiology","author":"Mattsson","year":"1991"},{"key":"2025082810425359800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006315","article-title":"131I content in the human thyroid estimated from direct measurements of the inhabitants of Russian areas contaminated due to the Chernobyl accident","volume":"105","author":"Bratilova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosim"},{"key":"2025082810425359800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3153.1","article-title":"Thyroid dose estimates for a cohort of Belarusian children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident","volume":"179","author":"Drozdovitch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025082810425359800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e31829f3096","article-title":"Thyroid cancer study among Ukrainian children exposed to radiation after the Chornobyl accident: improved estimates of the thyroid doses to the cohort members","volume":"106","author":"Likhtarov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2025082810425359800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3109\/02841868809094370","article-title":"The Chernobyl accident. 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