{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:34:12Z","timestamp":1787009652878,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Science","award":["47688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["47688"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study evaluates dose rates at various distances and time intervals after 177Lu-PSMA treatment and assesses caregivers\u2019 effective doses. Dose rates were measured in 47 patients at 0.5 and 1\u00a0m up to 168\u00a0h post-injection. Initial dose rates were 34.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09\u00a0\u03bcSv (0.5\u00a0m) and 24.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0\u03bcSv (1\u00a0m) at 5\u00a0min, peaking at 48.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a015 and 31.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08\u00a0\u03bcSv at 1\u00a0h, then declining significantly over time. Caregivers\u2019 effective doses ranged from 20 to 1170\u00a0\u03bcSv, remaining below international safety limits. This study demonstrates that patient dose rates at a distance of 1-m decline to below 30\u00a0\u03bcSv\/h within 2\u20133\u00a0h post-injection and fall further to under 20\u00a0\u03bcSv\/h after 6\u00a0h. Patients may be considered radiologically safe approximately four days post-procedure, depending on individual factors. While 177Lu-PSMA is a safe and effective PRRT modality, strict safety measures are essential to minimize exposure risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncaf059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T07:45:55Z","timestamp":1746690355000},"page":"633-640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of external radiation exposure in patients treated with 177Lu-PSMA and radiation safety assessment of the patient caregivers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3053-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peyman","family":"Sheikhzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, IKHC, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Keshavarz Blvd., 1419733141, Tehran ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Farzanehfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, IKHC, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Keshavarz Blvd., 1419733141, Tehran ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrshad","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, IKHC, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Keshavarz Blvd., 1419733141, Tehran ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Bayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Medical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Hesarak, 14778-93855, Tehran ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Abdolmaleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences ,","place":["Tajrish, 1989934148, Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Koosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences ,","place":["Tajrish, 1989934148, Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Kasraie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas, TX 75390 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23808993.2023.2211090","article-title":"Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in neuroendocrine neoplasms and related tumors: from fundamentals to personalization and the newer experimental approaches","volume":"8","author":"Loharkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Precis Med Drug Dev"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712801661004","article-title":"The use of therapeutic peptides to target and to kill cancer cells","volume":"19","author":"Boohaker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref3","first-page":"1807","article-title":"Expression of the prostate-specific membrane antigen","volume":"54","author":"Israeli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.147413","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of a tailor-made DOTA-conjugated PSMA inhibitor with optimized linker moiety for imaging and endoradiotherapy of prostate cancer","volume":"56","author":"Bene\u0161ov\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-015-0114-2","article-title":"Early side effects and first results of radioligand therapy with 177Lu-DKFZ-617 PSMA of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer: a two-centre study","volume":"5","author":"Ahmadzadehfar","year":"2015","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15101292","article-title":"[(177)Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 (Pluvicto(TM)): the first FDA-approved radiotherapeutical for treatment of prostate cancer","volume":"15","author":"Hennrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2022.940677","article-title":"Towards routine clinical use of dosimetry in [177Lu]Lu-PSMA prostate cancer radionuclide therapy: current efforts and future perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Alsadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006705","article-title":"Radionuclide and radiation protection data handbook 2002","volume":"98","author":"Delacroix","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosim"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120561","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120561","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of 177Lu and 90Y for anti-CD20 pretargeted radioimmunotherapy in murine lymphoma xenograft models","volume":"10","author":"Frost","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2330-6","article-title":"The joint IAEA, EANM, and SNMMI practical guidance on peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) in neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"40","author":"Zaknun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"International commission on radiological protection","volume":"120","author":"Cousins","year":"2011","journal-title":"ICRP Publication"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref12","volume-title":"International Basic Safety Standards","author":"Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref13","volume-title":"Release of Patients Administered Radioactive Material","author":"COMMISSION, U.S.N.R","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncq497","article-title":"Radiation protection for accompanying person and radiation workers in PET\/CT","volume":"147","author":"Demir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosim"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref15","first-page":"265","article-title":"Practical aspects of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with [177Lu][DOTA0, Tyr3]octreotate","volume":"50","author":"Bakker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-011-0566-z","article-title":"Outpatient therapeutic nuclear oncology","volume":"26","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2021.151488","article-title":"The effect of hospitalization on patients' emotional and psychological well-being among adult patients: an integrative review","volume":"61","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncaa092","article-title":"Radiation dose assessment to family members taking care of non-cancerous thyroid patients treated with i-131 therapy in nuclear medicine department","volume":"190","author":"Kadhim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosim"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/36\/2\/269","article-title":"Evaluation of radiation safety in 177Lu-PSMA therapy and development of outpatient treatment protocol","volume":"36","author":"Demir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-019-0243-1","article-title":"Radiation precautions for inpatient and outpatient 177Lu-DOTATATE peptide receptor radionuclide therapy of neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"6","author":"Levart","year":"2019","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-017-0721-6","article-title":"Blood clearance and occupational exposure for 177 Lu-DOTATATE compared to 177 Lu-PSMA radionuclide therapy","volume":"57","author":"Abuqbeitah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-018-0386-4","article-title":"External radiation exposure, excretion, and effective half-life in 177Lu-PSMA-targeted therapies","volume":"8","author":"Kurth","year":"2018","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"2025062702261782500_ref23","volume-title":"Patient Release Criteria and Instructions Chapter","author":"Kesner","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Radiation Protection Dosimetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article-pdf\/201\/9\/633\/63390920\/ncaf059.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article-pdf\/201\/9\/633\/63390920\/ncaf059.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T02:26:22Z","timestamp":1750991182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article\/201\/9\/633\/8152045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncaf059","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-8420","1742-3406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-8420","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-3406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]}}}