{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:50:26Z","timestamp":1773391826255,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3\u20134","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007212","name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TUAGBG-978809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUAGBG-978809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007212","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Sweden, the recommendation for intraoral X-ray exposure in dental radiology is that pregnant females should not use any extra protection than the mandatory thyroid lead collar. This recommendation is based on the knowledge that the dose to the fetus will be very low or negligible and therefore no extra protection is needed. However, we think it is important to test this recommendation using calculations based on the new International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) phantoms for pregnant women. This project aims to do a Monte Carlo simulation of the absorbed dose distribution to a fetus at 25\u00a0weeks of pregnancy from a bitewing exposure, which is the most commonly used dental X-ray exposure. The project also aims to calculate the absorbed dose to organs and tissue in both the 25-week fetus and the pregnant mother. A lead collar, equivalent to 0.25\u00a0mm lead, was created and added to the ICRP pregnant mesh phantom with a 25-week male fetus. A 60\u00a0kV bitewing exposure was simulated using MCNP6.3. The radiation source was simulated using an RQR60 source and 10^7 photons. The fetal organ absorbed doses are calculated for a bitewing exposure with a tube voltage of 60\u00a0kV and an exposure time of 0.25\u00a0s for the phosphor plate receptor and 0.05\u00a0s for the digital sensors. The fetal organs that received the highest absorbed dose for phosphor plate were the brain 27 nGy; red bone marrow, 25 nGy; and bone endosteum, 25 nGy. The simulations show that the absorbed dose to the 25-week fetus is significantly reduced due to absorption by the tissue of the mother. In general, the fetus receives an absorbed dose that is 0.0015 of the mother\u2019s dose. For the 25-week fetus, the radiation exposure is low, and no extra protection is needed, e.g. covering the mother with a lead apron. These results could be of interest to the dentist, the physician, and the pregnant women before they agree to proceed with an intraoral dental exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncaf174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:52:18Z","timestamp":1765889538000},"page":"410-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monte Carlo calculations of the radiation absorbed dose to a fetus of a pregnant patient from a dental bitewing X-ray exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1275-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Andersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Universitetssjuk huset, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Specialistkliniken f\u00f6r Odontologisk Radiologi, Folktandv\u00e5rden V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Medicinaregatan 12C, 413 90 Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evagelia","family":"Maroussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialistkliniken f\u00f6r Odontologisk Radiologi, Folktandv\u00e5rden V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Medicinaregatan 12C, 413 90 Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref1","first-page":"131","article-title":"ALARA still applies","volume":"119","author":"Farman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontics"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref2","volume-title":"Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation","author":"White","year":"2019","edition":"8th"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref3","volume-title":"Radiation protection no. 172: Cone beam CT for dental and maxillofacial radiology","author":"European Commission","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref4","volume-title":"SSMFS 2018:2 Str\u00e5ls\u00e4kerhetsmyndighetens f\u00f6reskrifter om anm\u00e4lningspliktiga verksamheter","author":"Swedish Radiation Safety Authority","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref5","article-title":"Pregnant women","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(00)70113-1","article-title":"Oral medicine, oral pathology","volume":"89","author":"Surgery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oral Radiol Endodontol"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref7","article-title":"ICRP publication 84 pregnancy and medical radiation","volume":"30","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref8","first-page":"93","article-title":"Radiation dose and pregnancy: what we know and what we need to know","volume":"76","author":"Kal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"ICRP publication 103 the 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection","volume":"37","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245015","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad9a35","article-title":"ICRP pregnant-female mesh-type reference computational phantoms part 1: development of fetal phantoms","volume":"69","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"ICRP publication 110 adult reference computational phantoms","volume":"39","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref12","article-title":"Medical diagnostic X-ray equipment\u2014radiation conditions for use in the determination of characteristics","volume":"61267","author":"International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEC"},{"key":"2026031302441588500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.13182\/NT11-135","article-title":"Initial MCNP6 release overview","volume":"180","author":"Goorley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucl Technol"}],"container-title":["Radiation Protection 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