{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:26:33Z","timestamp":1792013193604,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3\u20134","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007212","name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TUAGBG-978809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUAGBG-978809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007212","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dental radiology accounts for 26% of all medical radiological examinations worldwide and 0.2% of the overall collective dose. The most common dental exposure is intraoral bitewing radiography, which is a procedure used to examine the interproximal surfaces of the teeth and is particularly useful for the detection of dental caries and the evaluation of alveolar bone levels. In Sweden, regulations require patients to have a 0.25\u00a0mm lead-equivalent thyroid shield during intraoral exposures. The aim of this project is to do a Monte Carlo simulation of the absorbed doses from a bitewing exposure and investigate the radiation protection effect of a lead collar. In this study, a Monte Carlo simulation was done of an intraoral bitewing examination, using the latest International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) human adult mesh phantom. A thyroid collar was added to the mesh phantom to generate the exposure situation of a bitewing exposure. A 60\u00a0kV bitewing exposure was simulated using the Monte Carlo software MCNP6.3. The radiation source was simulated using RQR60 with 107 simulated X-ray photons. The simulations were performed both with and without thyroid collar. Absorbed doses were calculated for different organs and tissues in the ICRP adult mesh phantom. The results are calculated for a bitewing exposure with a tube voltage of 60\u00a0kV and an exposure time of 0.25\u00a0s on a phosphor plate receptor and 0.05\u00a0s for the digital sensors. The thyroid protection collar examined in this study did not significantly impact the absorbed dose to the thyroid. However, the absorbed dose to several other organs and tissues was reduced. The absorbed dose reduction was dependent on the distance to the X-ray primary beam, where a greater distance resulted in a greater reduction. The difference in effective dose between use of lead apron and without lead apron is, however, neglectable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncaf175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:43:18Z","timestamp":1765888998000},"page":"276-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Monte Carlo calculations of the simulated radiation dose distribution from a dental bitewing X-ray exposure and the usefulness of thyroid protection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1275-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Andersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Specialistkliniken f\u00f6r odontologisk radiologi, Folktandv\u00e5rden V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland , Medicinaregatan 12C, 413 90 Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evagelia","family":"Maroussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialistkliniken f\u00f6r odontologisk radiologi, Folktandv\u00e5rden V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland , Medicinaregatan 12C, 413 90 Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref1","volume-title":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref2","volume-title":"Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation","author":"White","year":"2019","edition":"8th"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"ICRP publication 103, the 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection","volume":"37","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2008.09.001","article-title":"The basics of maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography","volume":"15","author":"Farman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref5","volume-title":"Radiobiology for the Radiologist","author":"Hall","year":"2019","edition":"8th"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref6","volume-title":"SSMFS 2018:2 Str\u00e5ls\u00e4kerhetsmyndighetens f\u00f6reskrifter om anm\u00e4lningspliktiga verksamheter","author":"Swedish Radiation Safety Authority","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01085-4","article-title":"European consensus on patient contact shielding","volume":"12","author":"Hiles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2023.12.002","article-title":"Optimizing radiation safety in dentistry: clinical recommendations and regulatory considerations","volume":"155","author":"Benavides","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref9","volume-title":"Guidance Notes for Dental Practitioners on the Safe Use of X-ray Equipment","author":"Public Health England (PHE) and Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) (FGDP[UK])","year":"2020","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref10","first-page":"923","article-title":"Evaluation of the radiation dose in the thyroid gland using different protective collars in panoramic imaging","volume":"225","author":"Hafezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref11","first-page":"175","article-title":"The use of thyroid shields in dental radiography","volume":"94","author":"Holroyd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosim"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref12","author":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2172\/1889957","volume-title":"MCNP\u00ae Code Version 6.3.0 Theory & User Manual","author":"Kulesza","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref14","article-title":"ICRP publication 145. Adult mesh-type reference computational phantoms (ICRP)","volume":"50","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref15","first-page":"61267","volume-title":"Medical Diagnostic X-ray Equipment\u2014Radiation Conditions for use in the Determination of Characteristics","author":"International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref16","volume-title":"Radiation Protection 172: Cone Beam CT for Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology","author":"European Commission","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026031302441665600_ref17","volume-title":"Medical Diagnostic X-ray Equipment \u2013 Radiation Conditions for Use in the Determination of Characteristics, IEC 61267","author":"International Electrotechnical Commission","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Radiation Protection Dosimetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article-pdf\/202\/3%E2%80%934\/276\/67333135\/ncaf175.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article-pdf\/202\/3%E2%80%934\/276\/67333135\/ncaf175.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:44:26Z","timestamp":1773384266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article\/202\/3%E2%80%934\/276\/8518610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3\u20134","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncaf175","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-8420","1742-3406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-8420","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-3406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}