{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:03:46Z","timestamp":1789686226594,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Detection and management of alpha (\u03b1)-emitting radioactive sources in scrap metal present a significant challenge for radiological safety, particularly in countries lacking infrastructure for the final disposal of radioactive waste. This paper presents a case study from Kosovo addressing the detection, identification, dose measurement, and isolation of an alpha-emitting radioactive source discovered in scrap metal. Identification was performed using portable radiation survey instruments and gamma spectrometry, confirming the presence of thorium-232 and uranium-232. Measurements indicated a count rate of ~2000 cps and a maximum ambient dose rate of 6.51\u00a0\u03bcSv\/h measured at an approximate distance of 5\u00a0cm from the radioactive source prior to isolation and concrete filling. To reduce exposure and contamination risks, the source was isolated in a 200-L metal drum filled with reinforced concrete. Dose rate mapping performed before and after isolation demonstrated a significant reduction in radiation levels, with a maximum reduction factor of 4.86, indicating a measurable reduction in ambient dose rate following temporary isolation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncag080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:09:32Z","timestamp":1789384172000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection, identification, and management of alpha-emitting radioactive waste in scrap metal: a case study from Kosovo"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Blerim","family":"Rrakaqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences , Alma Mater Europaea Campus College ``Rezonanca'', Glloku te Shelgjet, Veternik, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ylli","family":"Ka\u00e7iu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology , UBT - Higher Education Institution, Lagjja Kalabria, 10000 Prishtin\u00eb, Kosovo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyqeri","family":"Dumani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Radiation Protection , Institute of Occupational Medicine J.S.C., ``Kosova A'' Complex, Obiliq 15000, Kosovo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3967-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Njomza","family":"Elezaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics , Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina ``Hasan Prishtina'', Rr. ``N\u00ebna Terez\u00eb'' p.n., 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2023.18.2.0728","article-title":"Environmental and ecological impact of radioactive waste disposal","volume":"18","author":"Korede","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Adv Res Rev"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref2","volume-title":"Control of radioactive material inadvertently incorporated into scrap metal","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Recycling and reuse of materials arising from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities","author":"OECD Nuclear Energy Agency","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264281271-en"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref4","volume-title":"Code of conduct on the safety and security of radioactive sources","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref5","volume-title":"Control of orphan sources and other radioactive material in scrap metal","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref6","volume-title":"Releases recommendations on radioactive scrap","author":"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199504000-00001","article-title":"Radioactive materials in recycled metals","volume":"68","author":"Lubenau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199803000-00001","article-title":"Radioactive materials in recycled metals\u2014an update","volume":"74","author":"Lubenau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref9","author":"Yusko","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000684","article-title":"Risk of lung cancer mortality in nuclear workers from internal exposure to alpha particle-emitting radionuclides","volume":"28","author":"Grellier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref11","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref12","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Safety of Radiation Sources and Security of Radioactive Materials, Contributed Papers (Proc. Conf., Dijon, 1998)","author":"Azuara","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000236781.15424.4a","article-title":"Scrap metals industry perspective on radioactive materials","volume":"91","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping\/ICPVT-11 Conference.","DOI":"10.1115\/PVP2006-ICPVT-11-93668"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref15","volume-title":"Control of transboundary movement of radioactive material inadvertently incorporated into scrap metal and semi-finished products of the metal recycling industries","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref16","volume-title":"Low-Level Radioactive Waste Repositories: An Analysis of Costs","author":"OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref17","volume-title":"Management of disused radioactive sources: IAEA safety and security guidance","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref18","volume-title":"Policies and strategies for radioactive waste management","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref19"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref20","author":"SE International"},{"key":"2026091718231093300_ref21","author":"FLIR Systems"}],"container-title":["Radiation Protection Dosimetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncag080\/71192835\/ncag080.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncag080\/71192835\/ncag080.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:23:18Z","timestamp":1789683798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncag080\/8812771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncag080","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-8420","1742-3406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-8420","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-3406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"article-number":"ncag080"}}