{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:30:25Z","timestamp":1786998625802,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005298","name":"University of Costa Rica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for positron emission tomography (PET\/CT) examinations have not previously been established in Costa Rica, and data from Central America remain limited due to the restricted availability of PET\/CT systems in the region. This study established local DRLs for administered 18F-FDG activity and CT dose metrics in 393 adult lymphoma patients undergoing PET\/CT at the Cyclotron\u2013PET\/CT Laboratory (Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias At\u00f3micas, Nucleares y Moleculares), University of Costa Rica. DRLs were defined as the 75th percentile (P75), and the influence of patient body mass was assessed. The DRL for administered activity was 388.5\u00a0MBq (4.8\u00a0MBq\u00a0kg\u22121). Whole-body CT DRLs were 12.1\u00a0mGy for Volume Computed Tomography Dose Index and 1250.2\u00a0mGy\u00a0cm for dose-length product, while thorax CT DRLs were 8.5\u00a0mGy and 325.6\u00a0mGy\u00a0cm, respectively. Dose metrics increased with patient body mass, whereas normalized activity values remained consistent with international practice. These findings provide the first PET\/CT-specific DRLs for Costa Rica and support future national dose optimization and monitoring efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncag088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:52:50Z","timestamp":1784807570000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Establishment of preliminary diagnostic reference levels for 18F-FDG PET\/CT in adult lymphoma in Costa Rica"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0844-3549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Andr\u00e9s Mendoza","family":"Madrigal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, Rodrigo Facio University Campus , 11501 San Jos\u00e9 ,","place":["Costa Rica"]},{"name":"Cyclotron\u2013PET\/CT Laboratory, CICANUM, University of Costa Rica , 11501 San Jos\u00e9 ,","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0711-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagoberto Eloy Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de F\u00edsica M\u00e9dica y Protecci\u00f3n Radiol\u00f3gica, Hospital M\u00e9xico, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social , 10107 San Jos\u00e9 ,","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1794-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick Mora","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, Rodrigo Facio University Campus , 11501 San Jos\u00e9 ,","place":["Costa Rica"]},{"name":"Cyclotron\u2013PET\/CT Laboratory, CICANUM, University of Costa Rica , 11501 San Jos\u00e9 ,","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref1","volume-title":"Infograf\u00eda d\u00eda mundial contra el c\u00e1ncer 2024","author":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (INEC)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref2","volume-title":"Enfermedades no transmisibles representaron el 80.73% de las defunciones en el territorio nacional para el a\u00f1o 2019, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica","author":"Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2349\/biij.3.3.e49","article-title":"Hybrid imaging is the future of molecular imaging","volume":"3","author":"Hicks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed Imaging Interv J"},{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.08.034","article-title":"Physician knowledge of radiation exposure and risk in medical imaging","volume":"15","author":"Hobbs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872005000500011","article-title":"Uso de la tomograf\u00eda de emisi\u00f3n de positrones PET con F18-FDG en la evaluaci\u00f3n de lesiones pulmonares sospechosas de neoplasia","volume":"133","author":"Jofr\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Med Chile"},{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2422051113","article-title":"PET\/CT: form and function","volume":"242","author":"Blodgett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2511081300","article-title":"Whole-body PET\/CT scanning: estimation of radiation dose and cancer risk","volume":"251","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref8","article-title":"Recommendations of the ICRP","volume":"1","author":"ICRP","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30030","article-title":"Investigating knowledge of DRLs, image quality and radiation dose in PET\/CT and CT imaging among medical imaging professionals","volume":"10","author":"Alhorani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.12794","article-title":"Diagnostic reference levels","volume":"204","author":"Vassileva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026081715264616600_ref11","article-title":"ICRP 135. 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