{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:00:54Z","timestamp":1790341254147,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study presents the application of an analytical model, PARMA, to estimate the population-weighted annual absorbed dose to the lens of the eye due to cosmic rays. Cosmic ray flux data incorporating geographical altitude, together with the global population data from 2020, were used to estimate the global population-weighted annual eye lens dose. The resulting value was 0.267\u00a0mGy, ~11% lower than the annual effective dose due to cosmic rays evaluated in the latest UNSCEAR reports. This population-weighted estimate provides a more accurate assessment of background eye lens dose levels and facilitates comparison among the public, aircrew, and astronauts. This estimate also provides a refined baseline for epidemiological studies of lens cataracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncag114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:22:27Z","timestamp":1789672947000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimation of global population-weighted annual eye lens dose from cosmic ray exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1849-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munehiko","family":"Kowatari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research , ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Institute for Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology , ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Petermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office of Public Health FOPH ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuhiko","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Atomic Energy Agency ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref1","volume-title":"UNSCEAR 2000 Report Vol I: Sources","author":"The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref2","volume-title":"UNSCEAR 2008 Report Vol I: Sources of Ionizing Radiation","author":"The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref3","volume-title":"UNSCEAR 2024 UNSCEAR 2024 Report volume II Annex B: Evaluation of public exposure to ionizing radiation (United Nations)","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0298.1","article-title":"Cataracts among Chernobyl clean-up workers: implications regarding permissible eye exposures","volume":"167","author":"Worgul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref5","first-page":"168","article-title":"Radiation-induced eye lens changes and risk for cataract in interventional cardiology","volume":"123","author":"Ciraj-Bjelac","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiol."},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2012.10.016","article-title":"Radiation-associated lens opacities in catheterization personnel: results of a survey and direct assessments","volume":"24","author":"Vano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref7","article-title":"ICRP statement on tissue reactions\/early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs \u2013 threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context. ICRP publication 118","volume":"41","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0610.1","article-title":"Analytical functions to predict cosmic-ray neutron spectra in the atmosphere","volume":"166","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1094.1","article-title":"Development of PARMA: PHITS-based analytical radiation model in the atmosphere","volume":"170","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144679","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144679","article-title":"Analytical model for estimating terrestrial cosmic ray fluxes nearly anytime and anywhere in the world: extension of PARMA\/EXPACS","volume":"10","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/00223131.2023.2275736","article-title":"Recent improvements of the particle and heavy ion transport code system - PHITS version 3.33","volume":"61","author":"Sato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nucl Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-009-0226-z","article-title":"An estimation of Canadian population exposure to cosmic rays","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33932","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33932","article-title":"Evaluation of world population-weighted effective dose due to cosmic ray exposure","volume":"6","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2011.10.001","article-title":"Conversion coefficients for radiological protection quantities for external radiation exposures. ICRP publication 116","volume":"40","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2013.05.004","article-title":"Assessment of radiation exposure of astronauts in space. ICRP publication 123","volume":"42","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref16"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref17","volume-title":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Data Portal Population Division","author":"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic Indicators","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026092508202052300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1580.1","article-title":"NASA study of cataract in astronauts (NASCA). Report 1: cross-sectional study of the relationship of exposure to space radiation and risk of lens opacity","volume":"172","author":"Chylack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiat Res"}],"container-title":["Radiation Protection Dosimetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncag114\/71395309\/ncag114.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncag114\/71395309\/ncag114.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:20:28Z","timestamp":1790338828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncag114\/8835700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":18,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncag114","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-8420","1742-3406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-8420","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-3406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"article-number":"ncag114"}}