{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:52:31Z","timestamp":1791276751663,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1-3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,17]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,2]],"date-time":"2005-06-02T18:08:26Z","timestamp":1117735706000},"page":"11-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Patient exposure in medical X-ray imaging in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Dieter F.","family":"Regulla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B1","unstructured":"International Atomic Agency. Radiological protection of patients in diagnostic and interventional radiology, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. IAEA Proceedings Series (Vienna: IAEA) pp. 1\u2013459 (2001)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regulla, D., Griebel, J., Nosske, D., Bauer, B. and Brix, G. Acquisition and assessment of patient exposure in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. Z. Med. Phys.13, 127\u2013135 (2003) (in German).","DOI":"10.1078\/0939-3889-00153"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Gonz\u00e1les, A. B. and Darby, S. Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries. Lancet363, 345\u2013351 (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15433-0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, P., Adami, H.-O., Trichopoulos, D., Pedersen, N. L., Lagiou, P., Ekbom, A., Ingvar, M., Lundell, M. and Granath, F. Effect of low-doses of ionising radiation in infancy on cognitive function in adulthood: Swedish population based cohort study. BMJ328, 19\u201321 (2004).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7430.19"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wall, B. F. Radiation protection dosimetry for diagnostic radiology patients. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.109, 409\u2013419 (2004).","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch317"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picano, E. Sustainability of medical imaging. BMJ328, 578\u2013580 (2004).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7439.578"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B7","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. (New York: UNSCEAR) (2000)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B8","unstructured":"European Commission. Council Directive 97\/43\/Euratom of 30 June 1997 onhealth protection of individuals against the dangers of ionising radiation in relation to medical exposure. Off. J. Eur. Commun.L180, 40 (1997)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. 1993 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. UN sales publication E.94.IX.2 (New York: UNSCEAR) (1993).","DOI":"10.18356\/0300f937-en"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B10","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. 1988 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. UN sales publication E.88.IX.7 (New York: UNSCEAR) (1988)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B11","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. The World Health Report: conquering suffering, enriching humanity. (Geneva: WHO) (1997)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B12","unstructured":"Vanmarcke, H. UNSCEAR 2000: sources of ionising radiation. Ann. Ass. Belge de Radioprot.27, 41\u201365 (2002)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B13","unstructured":"Umweltbericht 1999, Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (Bonn, Germany: BMU) pp. 18\u201320 (1999)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B14","unstructured":"Griebel, J. and Bauer, B. Medizinisches R\u00f6ntgen\u2014Strahlenexposition der Bev\u00f6lkerung: Auswertung der Daten f\u00fcr 1997. BfS Annual Report 2000, pp. 11\u201313 (2000)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B15","unstructured":"Hart, D. and Wall, B. F. Radiation exposure of the UK population from medical and dental X-ray examinations. NRPB-W4-Report (Chilton, UK: NRPB) (2002)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brugmans, M. J. P., Buijs, W. C. A. M., Geleijns, J. and Lembrechts, J. Population exposure to diagnostic use of ionizing radiation in the Netherlands. Health Phys.82, 500\u2013509 (2002).","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200204000-00009"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B17","unstructured":"Aroua, A., Vader, J.-P. and Valley, J.-F. Enqu\u00eate sur l'exposition par le radiodiagnostic en Suisse en 1998. Institut de Radiophysique Appliqu\u00e9e, Lausanne, 2000. Shorted version in SSK series, Germany, Vol. 51 (2003), ISBN 2-88444-006-2."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B18","unstructured":"Roser, H. W. and Roth, J. Medical exposure of patients: medical radiation exposure versus radiation protection. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Achievements and Challenges: Advancing Radiation Protection into the 21st Century, Southport, UK, pp. 89\u201392 (1999)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B19","unstructured":"Umweltbericht 2002. Part IV Radiation exposure from medical applications. Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz and Reaktorsicherheit (Bonn, Germany; BMU) pp 233\u2013250 (2003)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B20","unstructured":"Stamm-Meyer, A. H\u00e4ufigkeit und Dosis von nuklearmedizinischen Untersuchungen in Deutschland. BfS aktuell4, 3\u20134 (2001)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B21","unstructured":"Verordnung f\u00fcr die Umsetzung von EURATOM-Richtlinien zum Strahlenschutz. Verordnung \u00fcber den Schutz vor Sch\u00e4den durch ionisierende Strahlen (Strahlenschutzverordnung-StrlSchV) vom 20. Juli 2001 (BGBl. I S. 1714), zuletzt ge\u00e4ndert durch Art. 2 der Verordnung vom 18. Juni 2002, (BGBl. I, pp. 233\u2013250 1869)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B22","unstructured":"Verordnung \u00fcber den Schutz vor Sch\u00e4den durch R\u00f6ntgenstrahlen (R\u00f6ntgenverordnung-R\u00f6V) vom 8. Januar 1987 (BGBL. I S. 114), zuletzt ge\u00e4ndert durch Art. 1 der Verordnung zur \u00c4nderung der R\u00f6ntgenverordnung und anderer atomrechtlicher Verordnungen vom 18. Juni 2002, (BGBl. I, pp. 1869)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B23","unstructured":"Veit, R., Griebel, J. and Bauer, B. Patientenexposition in der R\u00f6ntgendiagnostik. In: Ganzk\u00f6rperbestrahlung\u2014 Strahlenschutzsubstanzen\u2014Strahlenexposition in der Diagnostik (Hrsg.: D. Gottschild, Chr. Reiners), in der Reihe \u2018Strahlenschutz in Forschung und Praxis\u2019, Band 44. (M\u00fcnchen-Jena: Verlag Urban & Fischer) pp. 95\u2013110 (2001)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wall, B. F. and Hart, D. The potential for dose reduction in diagnostic radiology. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.43, 265\u2013268 (1992).","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a081381"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B25","unstructured":"European Commission. The 1991 CEC Trial on quality criteria from diagnostic radiographic images. Detailed results and findings. EUR 16635 EN (Brussels: EC) (1996)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B26","unstructured":"Wall, B. NCRP revisits protection in medicine. Radiol. Prot. Bull.152, 24\u201325 (1994)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B27","unstructured":"Poznanski, A. K., Ed. Radiation protection in medicine. NCRP Report 14 (Bethesda, MD: NCRP) 274 pp. (1993), ISBN-0-929600-29-0."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlin, L. Malpractice issues in radiology. Radiation-induced skin injuries and fluoroscopy. AJR177, 21\u201325.","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.177.1.1770021"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B29","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60 (Oxford: Pergamon Press) (1991)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B30","unstructured":"Eder, H., Zapf, W. and Sch\u00f6fer, H. Excess exposure caused by instrumenal and operational failures\u2014reasons, radiation doses, technical solutions. (in German). 82nd Deutscher R\u00f6ntgen-Kongress, Wiesbaden, 25 March 2001. Available on www.lfas.bayern.de."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B31","unstructured":"Frija, G. DR saves time and improves throughput, while CR saves money. Communication from Diagnostic Imaging Europe, February\/March Journal, pp. 11\u201312 (2003)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drexler, G., Panzer, W., Petoussi, N. and Zankl, M. Effective dose\u2014how effective for patients?Radiat. Environ. Biophys.32, 209\u2013219 (1993).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01209771"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B33","unstructured":"Ewen, K. and Regulla, D. Ist die effektive Dosis zur strahlenbiologisch relevanten Beschreibung der Patientenexposition geeignet? In: Strahlenschutz in Forschung und Praxis, Vol. 44. Gottschild, D. and Reiners C. Eds. (Munich-Jena: Urban & Fischer Publisher) 141\u2013148 (2001)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B34","unstructured":"Kramer, R., Zankl, M., Williams, G. and Drexler, G. The calculation of dose from external photon exposures using reference human phantoms and Monte Carlo methods: Part I, The male (Adam) and female (Eva) adult mathematical phantoms. GSF Report S-885 (Neuherberg: GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health) (1982)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B35","unstructured":"Drexler, G., Panzer, W., Widenmann, L., Williams, G. and Zankl, M. The calculation of dose from external photon exposures using reference human phantoms and Monte Carlo methods: Part III, Organ doses in X-ray diagnosis. GSF Report 11\/90 (Neuherberg: National Research Center for Environment and Health) pp. 1\u201360 (1990)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B36","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection. Radiological protection and safety in medicine. ICRP Publication 73 (Oxford: Pergamon Press) (1996)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petoussi-Henss, N., Zankl, M., Fill, U. and Regulla, D. The GSF voxel family of phantoms. Phys. Med. Biol.47, 89\u2013106 (2002).","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/1\/307"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fill, U. A., Zankl, M., Petoussi-Henss, N., Siebert, M. and Regulla, D. Adult female models of different stature and photon conversion coefficients for radiation protection. Health Phys.86(3), 253\u2013272 (2004).","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200403000-00003"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B39","unstructured":"Petoussi-Henss, N., Zankl, M., Fill, U., Heide, B. and Regulla, D. A family of human voxel models for various applications. VDI Report No 1675. In: Proceedings of Digital Human Modeling Conference, Monich, 18\u201320 June 2002 pp. 91\u2013104 (2002)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B40","unstructured":"Clarke, R. H. Meeting of ICRP. Radiol. Prot. Bull.231, 7\u20139 (2001)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zankl, M., Fill, U., Petoussi-Henss, N. and Regulla, D. Organ dose conversion coefficients for external photon exposure of various voxel models. Phys. Med. Biol.47, 2367\u20132385 (2002).","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/14\/301"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, E., Regulla, D., Kramer, H.-M. and Harder, D. The effect of 29 kV X-rays on the dose response of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes. Radiat. Res.159, 771\u2013777 (2002).","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2002)158[0771:TEOKXR]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, E., Krumrey, M., Ulm, G. and Regulla, D. The maximum low-dose RBE of 17.4 and 40 keV monochromatic X-rays for the induction of dicentric chromosomes in human peripheral lymphocytes. Radiat. Res.160, 499\u2013504 (2003).","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3070"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krumrey, M., Ulm, G. and Schmid, E. Dicentric chromosomes in monolayers of human lymphocytes produced by monochromatized synchrotron radiation with photon energies from 1.83 keV to 17.4 keV. Radiat. Environ. Biophys.43, 1\u20136 (2004).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-004-0232-0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankenberg, D., Kelnhofer, K., B\u00e4r, K. and Frankenberg-Schwager, M. Enhanced neoplastic transformation by mammography X rays relative to 200 kVP: Indication for a strong dependence on photon energy of the RBEM for various endpoints. Radiat. Res.157, 99\u2013105 (2002).","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2002)157[0099:ENTBMX]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heyes, G. J. and Mill, A. J. The neoplastic transformation potential of mammography X rays and atomic bomb spectrum radiation. Radiat. Res.162, 120\u2013127 (2004).","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3212"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harder, D. Letter to the editor on \u2018G\u00f6ggelmann, W. Jacogsen, C., Panzer, W. Walsh, L., Roos, H. and Schmid, E. Re-evaluation of the RBE of 29 kV X-rays (mammography X-rays) relative to 220 kV X-rays using neoplastic transformation of human CGL-1 hybrid cells. Radiat. Environ. Biophys.42, 175\u2013182 (2003)\u2019. Radiat. Environ. Biophys.43, 59\u201360 (2003).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-004-0227-x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection. Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), Quality Factor (Q), and Radiation Weighting Factor. ICRP Publication 92 (Oxford, New York, Tokyo: Elsevier) pp. 1\u2013117 (2003).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6453(03)00024-1"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B49","unstructured":"Deutsche Strahlenschutzkommission (SSK). Vergleichende Bewertung der biologischen Wirksamkeit verschiedener ionisierender Strahlungen. Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, (Jena, Germany, Elsevier, Urban & Fischer Publisher) Vol. 53 (2005)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harder, D., Petoussi-Henss, N., Regulla, D., Zankl, M. and Dietze, G. Spectra of scattered photons in large absorbers and their importance for wR values and risk estimates. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.109, 291\u2013295 (2004).","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch304"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B51","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. X and gamma reference radiations for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy. ISO Standard 4037-1 (Geneva: ISO) (1996)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6rner, W., Hentschel, M. P., M\u00fcller, B. R., Riesemeier, H., Krumrey, M., Ulm, G., Diete, W., Klein, U. and Frahm, R. BAMline: the first hard X-ray beamline at Bessy II. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A467\u2013468, 703\u2013706 (2001).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(01)00466-1"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B53","unstructured":"Harder, D., Regulla, D., Schmid, E. and Frankenberg, D. Hat die LET-Abh\u00e4ngigkeit der RBW locker ionisierender Strahlungen Bedeutung f\u00fcr den Strahlenschutz?Strahlenschutzpraxis7, 23\u201331 (2001)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, C., Lafuma, J., Masse, R., Morin, M. and Kellerer, A. M. Neutron RBE for induction of tumors with high lethality in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. Radiat. Res.154, 412\u2013420 (2000).","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2000)154[0412:NRFIOT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B55","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to the General Assembly, Annex F (New York: UNSCEAR) (1993)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preston, D. L., Shimizu, Y., Pierce, D. A., Suyama, A. and Mabuchi, K. Studies of mortality of atomic bomb survivors. report 13: solid cancer and noncancer disease mortality: 1950\u20131997. Radiat. Res.160, 381\u2013407 (2003).","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3049"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B57","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 26 (Oxford: Pergamon Press) (1977)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B58","unstructured":"Kaul, A., Aurand, K., Bonka, H., Gumprecht, D., Harder, D., Hardt, H. J., Jacobi, W., Kellerer, A. M., Landfermann, H.-H., Oberhausen, E. and Streffer, C. Possibilities and limits for applying the concept of collective dose. Health Phys.53, 9\u201310 (1987)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B59","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. Radiation protection in medical protocols. ISO\/TC85\/SC2 N 761 WG 22 (Geneva: ISO), Minutes of the SC2 meeting on \u2018Radiation Protection\u2019, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 31 March 2004."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, M., Hughes, D., Connolly, P. and Moores, B. M. Central dose data management and analysis in IT driven radiation protection strategies. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (2005).","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch534"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, P. R. and Moores, B. M. Computer applications in diagnostic radiology. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.57, 203\u2013206 (1995).","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/57.1-4.203"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connolly, P. and Moores, B. M. Establishing local reference levels and optimisation strategies. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.90, 229\u2013234 (2000).","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a033126"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B63","unstructured":"Deutsche Strahlenschutzkommission. Impact of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident on the Federal Republic of Germany. SSK, Vol. 7A (1988)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brix, G., Lechel, U., Veit, R., Truckenbrodt, R., Stamm, G., Coppenrath, E. M., Griebel, J. and Nagel, H.-D. Assessment of a theoretical formalism for dose estimation in CT: an anthropomorphic phantom study. Eur. Radiol. 14, 1275\u20131284 (2004).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2267-7"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B65","unstructured":"European Commission. Referral guidelines for imaging. Radiation Protection Series 118 (Luxembourg: CE) pp. 145 (2001), ISBN 92-828-9454-1."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B66","unstructured":"Roesch, W. C., Ed. Dosimetry System 1986 (DS 86). US-Japan Joint Reassessment of Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Volume 1 (Hiroshima: The Radiation Effects Research Foundation, RERF) pp. 66\u2013142 (1989)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B67","unstructured":"Bundesgerichtshof (BGH; en: Federal Supreme Court). K\u00f6rperverletzung durch medizinisch nicht indizierte R\u00f6ntgenaufnahmen. NJW12, 833\u2013836 (1998)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B68","unstructured":"Loose, R. and Hamm, B. Medizinische Strahlenexposition in Deutschland. Fortschr. R\u00f6ntgenstr.175, 1453\u20131456 (2003)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B69","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration: Full-body CT scans. DHHS Publication No: (FDA) 03-0001 (2003)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B70","unstructured":"Wagner, R. F. Private communications at the 2nd Malm\u00f6 Conference on Medical X-ray Imaging. Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD (2004)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B71","unstructured":"Brix, G. Gru\u00deworte des Bundesamts f\u00fcr Strahlenschutz. In: Proceedings Symposium \u20185 Jahre Konzertierte Aktion Dosisreduktion CT\u2019, Berlin, 4 November 2003, pp. 5\u20136 (2003)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernhardt, J., Veit, R. and Bauer, B. Erhebungen zur Strahlenexposition der Patienten bei der R\u00f6ntgendiagnostik. Z. Med. Phys.5, 33\u201339 (1995).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-3889(15)70760-9"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reitan, J. B., B\u00e4verstam, U. and Kelly, G. N. Radiation risk, risk perception and social constructions. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.68, 155 (1996).","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031858"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tischenko, O., Hoeschen, C. and Buhr, E. Reduction of anatomical noise in medical X-ray imaging. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.114(1\u20133), 69\u201379 (2005).","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch518"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013080254_B75","unstructured":"Seidenbusch, M., Kohn, M. M., Gallitzendorfer, V., Regulla, D. and Schneider, K. Analysis of radiation exposure data and dosimetric aspects\u2014survey from 1976 to 2003 to 200,000 paediatric X-ray examinations in the Dr. von Hauner's Paediatric Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich. In: Proceedings of the 41st Congress of the European Soceity for Paediatric Radiology, Heidelberg, Germany, 7\u201311 June (2004)."}],"container-title":["Radiation Protection Dosimetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article-pdf\/114\/1-3\/11\/4523493\/nch538.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]],"date-time":"2021-07-11T12:28:40Z","timestamp":1626006520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article\/114\/1-3\/11\/1595869\/Patient-exposure-in-medical-Xray-imaging-in-Europe"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,17]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rpd\/nch538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-3406","0144-8420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-3406","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0144-8420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,17]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,17]]}}}