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Previous studies have demonstrated that dopamine levels can impact the effects of tDCS. In the present study, 124 healthy participants took the UPPS impulsive behavior scale. Participants then underwent a single, randomized anodal or sham tDCS session on the prefrontal cortex. While the effects of tDCS were still active, they performed the Stop Signal Task, a measure of state impulsivity. tDCS was associated with increased errors on this task in people who had higher scores on the UPPS in two facets of impulsivity that correlate with dopamine levels. tDCS had no effects on people who are low in trait impulsivity. These results suggest that the reverse effects of tDCS could be associated with inter-individual differences in personality and neurochemistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]],"date-time":"2020-04-18T04:18:12Z","timestamp":1587183492000},"page":"101-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["When brain stimulation backfires: the effects of prefrontal cortex stimulation on impulsivity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6333-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Beth","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Community Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lumy","family":"Sawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"DeWall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022022406091792600_ref1","volume-title":"Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions","author":"Aiken","year":"1991"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022022406091792600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807309783","article-title":"Melatonin for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"23","author":"Andersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022022406091792600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000014","article-title":"Outlier removal, sum scores, and the inflation of the type I error rate in independent samples t tests: the power of alternatives and recommendations","volume":"19","author":"Bakker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2022022406091792600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","article-title":"Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex","volume":"50","author":"Bechara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022022406091792600_ref5","first-page":"nsy069","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation to the prefrontal cortex on multiple realms of social behavior","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022022406091792600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.09.026","article-title":"Pilot study of feasibility of the effect of treatment with tDCS in patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression treated with escitalopram","volume":"126","author":"Bennabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022022406091792600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.016","article-title":"Dopamine depletion effects on cognitive flexibility as modulated by tDCS of the dlPFC","volume":"13","author":"Borwick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022022406091792600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002","article-title":"Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Brunoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"5991","key":"2022022406091792600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185778","article-title":"Dopaminergic network differences in human impulsivity","volume":"329","author":"Buckholtz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022022406091792600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.09.002","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation post-stroke upper extremity motor recovery studies exhibit a dose\u2013response relationship","volume":"9","author":"Chhatbar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"1481","key":"2022022406091792600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2098","article-title":"Should I stay or should I go? 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