{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:48:01Z","timestamp":1791614881141,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, which has been increasingly used as an investigational tool in neuroscience. In social and affective neuroscience research, the prefrontal cortex has been primarily targeted, since this brain region is critically involved in complex psychobiological processes subserving both \u0218hot\u0219 and \u0218cold\u0219 domains. Although several studies have suggested that prefrontal tDCS can enhance neuropsychological outcomes, meta-analyses have reported conflicting results. Therefore, we aimed to assess the available evidence by performing an umbrella review of meta-analyses. We evaluated the effects of prefrontal active vs sham tDCS on different domains of cognition among healthy and neuropsychiatric individuals. A MeaSurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 was employed to evaluate the quality of meta-analyses, and the GRADE system was employed to grade the quality of evidence of every comparison from each meta-analysis. PubMed\/MEDLINE, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched, and 11 meta-analyses were included resulting in 55 comparisons. Only 16 comparisons reported significant effects favoring tDCS, but 13 of them had either very low or low quality of evidence. Of the remaining 39 comparisons which reported non-significant effects, 38 had either very low or low quality of evidence. Meta-analyses were rated as having critically low and low quality. Among several reasons to explain these findings, the lack of consensus and reproducibility in tDCS research is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T15:12:54Z","timestamp":1592406774000},"page":"43-60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Evidence-based umbrella review of cognitive effects of prefrontal tDCS"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis C","family":"Farhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria da Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre F","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"IMPACT Strategic Research Centre (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment), Deakin University, Geelong Vic, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Solmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre R","family":"Brunoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria da Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022022406095281900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.009","article-title":"Moderate effects of noninvasive brain stimulation of the frontal cortex for improving negative symptoms in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"89","author":"Aleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2022022406095281900_ref2","article-title":"Antidepressants for patients with tinnitus","volume":"9","author":"Baldo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022022406095281900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy069","article-title":"Does transcranial direct current stimulation to the prefrontal cortex affect social behavior? 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