{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:51:47Z","timestamp":1774633907550,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01GV0611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GV0611"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cigarette smoking increases the likelihood of developing anxiety disorders, among them panic disorder (PD). While brain structures altered by smoking partly overlap with morphological changes identified in PD, the modulating impact of smoking as a potential confounder on structural alterations in PD has not yet been addressed. In total, 143 PD patients (71 smokers) and 178 healthy controls (62 smokers) participated in a multicenter magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. T1-weighted images were used to examine brain structural alterations using voxel-based morphometry in a priori defined regions of the defensive system network. PD was associated with gray matter volume reductions in the amygdala and hippocampus. This difference was driven by non-smokers and absent in smoking subjects. Bilateral amygdala volumes were reduced with increasing health burden (neither PD nor smoking &amp;gt; either PD or smoking &amp;gt; both PD and smoking). As smoking can narrow or diminish commonly observed structural abnormalities in PD, the effect of smoking should be considered in MRI studies focusing on patients with pathological forms of fear and anxiety. Future studies are needed to determine if smoking may increase the risk for subsequent psychopathology via brain functional or structural alterations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T19:23:44Z","timestamp":1595445824000},"page":"849-859","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The modulating impact of cigarette smoking on brain structure in panic disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3788-229X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie L","family":"Kunas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charit\u00e9 Mitte, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Hilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Center for Mind Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology\/Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfons","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology\/Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Wittmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charit\u00e9 Mitte, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Str\u00f6hle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charit\u00e9 Mitte, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-6225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Pfleiderer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Radiology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster 48149, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin J","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg 97080, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christoph-Dornier-Foundation for Clinical Psychology, Bremen 28359, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Lotze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Imaging Unit, Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Deckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg 97080, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Arolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster 48149, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Ulrich","family":"Wittchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Straube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Center for Mind Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tilo","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Center for Mind Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander L","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Center for Mind Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Lueken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020101407543823600_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, text rev.","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"2020101407543823600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2008.10.004","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic gray matter volume reduction in patients with panic disorder","volume":"173","author":"Asami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"2020101407543823600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207163","article-title":"Smaller volumes in the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala in patients with panic disorder","volume":"13","author":"Asami","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020101407543823600_ref4","article-title":"Thalamic shape and volume abnormalities in female patients with panic disorder","volume":"13","author":"Asami","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020101407543823600_ref5","volume-title":"Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"2020101407543823600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2005.01628.x","article-title":"Acute tryptophan depletion. 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