{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:26:26Z","timestamp":1793831186971,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH103761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH103761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HD007109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD007109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10OD012240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10OD012240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Childhood adversity is, unfortunately, highly prevalent and strongly associated with later psychopathology. Recent theories posit that two dimensions of early adversity, threat and deprivation, have distinct effects on brain development. The current study evaluated whether violence exposure (threat) and social deprivation (deprivation) were associated with adolescent amygdala and ventral striatum activation, respectively, in a prospective, well-sampled, longitudinal cohort using a pre-registered, open science approach.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One hundred and sixty-seven adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. Prospective longitudinal data from ages 3, 5 and 9 years were used to create indices of childhood violence exposure and social deprivation. We evaluated whether these dimensions were associated with adolescent brain function in response to threatening and rewarding faces.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Childhood violence exposure was associated with decreased amygdala habituation (i.e. more sustained activation) and activation to angry faces in adolescence, whereas childhood social deprivation was associated with decreased ventral striatum activation to happy faces in adolescence. These associations held when adjusting for the other dimension of adversity (e.g., adjusting for social deprivation when examining associations with violence exposure), the interaction of the two dimensions of adversity, gender, internalizing psychopathology, and current life stress.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Consistent with recent theories, different forms of early adversity were associated with region-specific differences in brain activation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T11:22:23Z","timestamp":1603279343000},"page":"1252-1259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Childhood violence exposure and social deprivation are linked to adolescent threat and reward neural function"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tyler C","family":"Hein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA"},{"name":"Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh G","family":"Goetschius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vonnie C","family":"McLoyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Brooks-Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara S","family":"McLanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colter","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA"},{"name":"Population Studies Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestor L","family":"Lopez-Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke W","family":"Hyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA"},{"name":"Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S","family":"Monk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA"},{"name":"Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020121705335367000_R1","volume-title":"The child behavior checklist and related instruments. In M.E. Maruish (Ed.), The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment (p. 429\u201366). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.","author":"Achenbach","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020121705335367000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00351.x","article-title":"When more is not better: the role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes","volume":"46","author":"Appleyard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R3","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). About the CDC-Kaiser ACE study, [WWW]. Available"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020121705335367000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0721","article-title":"Cohesive neighborhoods where social expectations are shared may have positive impact on adolescent mental health","volume":"35","author":"Donnelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Affairs (Project Hope)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020121705335367000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.04.006","article-title":"A new view on hypocortisolism","volume":"30","author":"Fries","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020121705335367000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02477.x","article-title":"Research review: altered reward function in adolescent depression: what, when and how?","volume":"53","author":"Forbes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020121705335367000_R7","first-page":"582","article-title":"The long reach of early adversity: parenting, stress, and neural pathways to antisocial behavior in adulthood","volume":"2","author":"Gard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020121705335367000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22791","article-title":"Reliability of an fMRI paradigm for emotional processing in a multisite longitudinal study","volume":"36","author":"Gee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020121705335367000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13041","article-title":"Heightened amygdala reactivity and increased stress generation predict internalizing symptoms in adults following childhood maltreatment","volume":"60","author":"Gerin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020121705335367000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457949900200X","article-title":"Measuring developmental changes in exposure to adversity: a life chart and rating scale approach","volume":"11","author":"Gest","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.02.009","article-title":"Amygdala-prefrontal cortex white matter tracts are widespread, variable, and implicated in amygdala modulation in adolescents","volume":"191","author":"Goetschius","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020121705335367000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130597","article-title":"Chronic stress, cortisol dysfunction, and pain: a psychoneuroendocrine rationale for stress management in pain rehabilitation","volume":"94","author":"Hannibal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.010","article-title":"Blunted ventral striatum development in adolescent reflects emotional neglect and predicts depressive symptoms","volume":"78","author":"Hanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020121705335367000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.015","article-title":"Biological substrates of emotional reactivity and regulation in adolescence during an emotional go-nogo task","volume":"63","author":"Hare","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R15","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-based Approach. 2013","author":"Hayes","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.058","article-title":"Amygdala habituation and uncinate fasciculus connectivity in adolescence: a multi-modal approach","volume":"183","author":"Hein","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020121705335367000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12651","article-title":"Research review: neural response to threat in children, adolescents, and adults after child maltreatment\u2013a quantitative meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Hein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020121705335367000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsw120","article-title":"Ventral striatum and amygdala activity as convergence sites for early adversity and conduct disorder","volume":"12","author":"Holz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.11.005","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and behavioral problems in middle childhood","volume":"67","author":"Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020121705335367000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702615614511","article-title":"Dissecting the role of amygdala reactivity in antisocial behavior in a sample of young, low-income, urban men","volume":"4","author":"Hyde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020121705335367000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.03.020","article-title":"Processing of social and monetary rewards in the human striatum","volume":"58","author":"Izuma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020121705335367000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0593","article-title":"FMRI visualization of brain activity during a monetary incentive delay task","volume":"12","author":"Knutson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020121705335367000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.10.1.3","article-title":"A preliminary study of medial temporal lobe function in youths with a history of caregiver deprivation and emotional neglect","volume":"10","author":"Maheu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020121705335367000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00169-1","article-title":"An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets","volume":"19","author":"Maldjian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020121705335367000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.07.034","article-title":"The influence of stress and social support on depressive symptoms in mothers with young children","volume":"75","author":"Manuel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"23","key":"2020121705335367000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.10.015","article-title":"Heightened neural reactivity to threat in child victims of family violence","volume":"21","author":"McCrory","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020121705335367000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416655883","article-title":"Beyond cumulative risk: a dimensional approach to childhood adver-sity","volume":"25","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012","article-title":"Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience","volume":"47","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020121705335367000_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21394","article-title":"Hyporesponsive reward anticipation in the basal ganglia following severe institutional deprivation early in life","volume":"22","author":"Mehta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020121705335367000_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.5.568","article-title":"Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation to masked angry faces in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"65","author":"Monk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.104426","article-title":"Violence exposure and social deprivation is associated with cortisol reactivity in urban adolescents","author":"Peckins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020121705335367000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.09.025","article-title":"Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior","volume":"48","author":"Phelps","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.059","article-title":"Amygdala habituation: a reliable fMRI phenotype","volume":"103","author":"Plichta","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020121705335367000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12595","article-title":"Altered neural response to rejection-related words in children exposed to maltreatment","volume":"57","author":"Puetz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020121705335367000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2008.09.012","article-title":"Habituation revisited: an updated and revised description of the behavioral characteristics of habituation","volume":"92","author":"Rankin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"2020121705335367000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(01)00141-4","article-title":"Fragile families: sample and design","volume":"23","author":"Reichman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R37","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development for R","author":"RStudio Team","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020121705335367000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3381","article-title":"The brain reward circuitry in mood disorders","volume":"14","author":"Russo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R39","first-page":"61","article-title":"Contextual contributors to the assessment of infant mental health","author":"Sameroff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Handbook of Infant, Toddler, and Preschool Mental Health Assessment"},{"key":"2020121705335367000_R40","article-title":"The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences, nationally, by state, and by race or ethnicity","author":"Sacks","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020121705335367000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04595.1992","article-title":"Neuronal activity in monkey ventral striatum related to the expectation of reward","volume":"12","author":"Schultz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020121705335367000_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.09.001","article-title":"Dimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat","volume":"18","author":"Sheridan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020121705335367000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04381-8","article-title":"Early deprivation disruption of associative learning is a developmental pathway to depression and social problems","volume":"9","author":"Sheridan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020121705335367000_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0b013e3182741948","article-title":"Composite variables: when and how","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020121705335367000_R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.2010.00552.x","article-title":"V. Differentiating developmental trajectories for conduct, emotion, and peer problems following early deprivation","volume":"75","author":"Sonuga-Barke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020121705335367000_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9","article-title":"Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents","volume":"22","author":"Straus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4 pt 2","key":"2020121705335367000_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941300062X","article-title":"A translational neuroscience framework for the development of socioemotional functioning in health and psychopathology","volume":"25","author":"Wiggins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020121705335367000_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.117.3.680","article-title":"Interpreting neutral faces as threatening is a default mode for socially anxious individuals","volume":"117","author":"Yoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020121705335367000_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2010.02.010","article-title":"Low-income single mothers\u2019 community violence exposure and aggressive parenting practices","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"}],"container-title":["Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/scan\/nsaa144\/34391197\/nsaa144.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/article-pdf\/15\/11\/1252\/34937441\/nsaa144.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/article-pdf\/15\/11\/1252\/34937441\/nsaa144.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T20:48:24Z","timestamp":1608324504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/article\/15\/11\/1252\/5940488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsaa144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-5016","1749-5024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-5016","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-5024","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]}}}