{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:41:48Z","timestamp":1783100508074,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"the Intramural Research Program of the NIMH, National Institutes of Health"},{"name":"the Intramural Research Program of the NIMH, National Institutes of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The ability to interpret face-emotion displays is critical for the development of adaptive social interactions. Using a novel variant of a computational model and fMRI data, we examined behavioral and neural associations between two metrics of face-emotion labeling (sensitivity and bias) and age in youth. Youth and adults (n\u2009=\u200944, M age\u2009=\u200920.02, s.d.\u2009=\u20097.44, range = 8\u201336) completed an explicit face-emotion labeling fMRI task including happy to angry morphed face emotions. A drift-diffusion model was applied to choice and reaction time distributions to examine sensitivity and bias in interpreting face emotions. Model fit and reliability of parameters were assessed on adult data (n\u2009=\u200942). Linear and quadratic slopes modeled brain activity associated with dimensions of face-emotion valence and ambiguity during interpretation. Behaviorally, age was associated with sensitivity. The bilateral anterior insula exhibited a more pronounced neural response to ambiguity with older age. Associations between sensitivity and bias metrics and activation patterns indicated that systems encoding face-emotion valence and ambiguity both contribute to the ability to discriminate face emotions. The current study provides evidence for age-related improvement in perceptual sensitivity to facial affect across adolescence and young adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsae034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T04:56:47Z","timestamp":1716613007000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Differentiating neural sensitivity and bias during face-emotion processing in youth: a computational approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-7442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone P","family":"Haller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4070-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Stoddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Mental Health Institute, Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO 80045,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia I","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Dombek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"MacGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Botz-Zapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong N. T","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin M","family":"Stavish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6546-5584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Kircanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, CO 80309,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9859-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A","family":"Brotman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025100323332139700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1724","article-title":"Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression","volume":"6","author":"Calder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.047","article-title":"Linear mixed-effects modeling approach to FMRI group analysis","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025100323332139700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.01.008","article-title":"Facial emotion recognition in child psychiatry: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Collin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100323332139700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014","article-title":"AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages","volume":"29","author":"Cox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computers and Biomedical Research"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.03.005","article-title":"Basic emotion processing and the adolescent brain: task demands, analytic approaches, and trajectories of changes","volume":"19","author":"Del Piero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.02.031","article-title":"On defining irritability and its relationship to affective traits and social interpretations","volume":"144","author":"Deveney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025100323332139700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.004","article-title":"Neural substrates of choice selection in adults and adolescents: development of the ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices","volume":"45","author":"Eshel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033645","article-title":"Sequential sampling models in cognitive neuroscience: advantages, applications, and extensions","volume":"67","author":"Forstmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014418503754","article-title":"Sex related factors in the perception of threatening facial expressions","volume":"26","author":"Goos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.03.004","article-title":"Attention allocation and social worries predict interpretations of peer-related social cues in adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Haller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.09.009","article-title":"Measuring online interpretations and attributions of social situations: links with adolescent social anxiety","volume":"50","author":"Haller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025100323332139700_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2011.645011","article-title":"The recognition of facial expressions: an investigation of the influence of age and cognition","volume":"19","author":"Horning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025100323332139700_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025100323332139700_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100323332139700_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000558","article-title":"Perceiving facial affective ambiguity: a behavioral and neural comparison of adolescents and adults","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R17","volume-title":"The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces - KDEF (CD ROM)","author":"Lundqvist","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R18","article-title":"The averaged Karolinska directed emotional faces","volume-title":"Stockholm Q12","author":"Lundqvist","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410611147","volume-title":"Detection Theory: A User\u2019s Guide","author":"Macmillan","year":"2004","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0966-7","article-title":"In favor of general probability distributions: lateral prefrontal and insular cortices respond to stimulus inherent, but irrelevant differences","volume":"221","author":"Mestres-Miss\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Structure & Function"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104736","article-title":"Anterior insula as a gatekeeper of executive control","volume":"139","author":"Molnar-Szakacs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100323332139700_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.1.47","article-title":"A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions","volume":"121","author":"Morris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain: A Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.12.013","article-title":"The uncertain brain: a co-ordinate based meta-analysis of the neural signatures supporting uncertainty during different contexts","volume":"96","author":"Morriss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025100323332139700_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12451","article-title":"Pubertal development shapes perception of complex facial expressions","volume":"20","author":"Motta-Mena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00178","article-title":"Neurocognitive development of risk aversion from early childhood to adulthood","volume":"5","author":"Paulsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025100323332139700_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612459657","article-title":"Increasing recognition of happiness in ambiguous facial expressions reduces anger and aggressive behavior","volume":"24","author":"Penton-Voak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025100323332139700_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797616663142","article-title":"From caregivers to peers: puberty shapes human face perception","volume":"27","author":"Picci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025100323332139700_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.142165999","article-title":"Early experience is associated with the development of categorical representations for facial expressions of emotion","volume":"99","author":"Pollak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100323332139700_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.2.59","article-title":"A theory of memory retrieval","volume":"85","author":"Ratcliff","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100323332139700_R30","first-page":"870","article-title":"Measuring psychometric functions with the diffusion model","volume":"40","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025100323332139700_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.12-06-420","article-title":"The diffusion decision model: theory and data for two-choice decision tasks","volume":"20","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100323332139700_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.2.333","article-title":"A comparison of sequential sampling models for two-choice reaction time","volume":"111","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025100323332139700_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721415596228","article-title":"Modeling regularities in response time and accuracy data with the diffusion model","volume":"24","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100323332139700_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196302","article-title":"Estimating parameters of the diffusion model: Approaches to dealing with contaminant reaction times and parameter variability","volume":"9","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025100323332139700_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000559","article-title":"Emotion sensitivity across the lifespan: mapping clinical risk periods to sensitivity to facial emotion intensity","volume":"148","author":"Rutter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100323332139700_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100323332139700_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.10.030","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty correlates with insula activation during affective ambiguity","volume":"430","author":"Simmons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025100323332139700_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1159\/000358918","article-title":"The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025100323332139700_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005","article-title":"The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): I: history, rationale, and description","volume":"49","author":"Spitzer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"2025100323332139700_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0252-2","article-title":"Anterior insula activations in perceptual paradigms: often observed but barely understood","volume":"214","author":"Sterzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Structure & Function"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100323332139700_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0100","article-title":"An open pilot study of training hostile interpretation bias to treat disruptive mood dysregulation disorder","volume":"26","author":"Stoddard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.01.001","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty: neural and psychophysiological correlates of the perception of uncertainty as threatening","volume":"60","author":"Tanovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R43","article-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","volume-title":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","author":"Team","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025100323332139700_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00614.x","article-title":"Development of emotional facial recognition in late childhood and adolescence","volume":"10","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025100323332139700_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/38.946630","article-title":"Prototyping and transforming facial textures for perception research","volume":"21","author":"Tiddeman","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00956","article-title":"Adolescent basic facial emotion recognition is not influenced by puberty or own-age bias","volume":"9","author":"Vetter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100323332139700_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2009.01125.x","article-title":"Puzzlingly high correlations in fMRI studies of emotion, personality, and social cognition","volume":"4","author":"Vul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100323332139700_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52768-7","article-title":"The human amygdala parametrically encodes the intensity of specific facial emotions and their categorical ambiguity","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2025100323332139700_R49","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)","author":"Wechsler","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100323332139700_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsv101","article-title":"Developmental differences in the neural mechanisms of facial emotion labeling","volume":"11","author":"Wiggins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/scan\/nsae034\/57905568\/nsae034.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/article-pdf\/19\/1\/nsae034\/58229644\/nsae034.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/article-pdf\/19\/1\/nsae034\/58229644\/nsae034.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T03:36:35Z","timestamp":1759548995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/scan\/nsae034\/7682084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsae034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-5016","1749-5024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-5016","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-5024","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"nsae034"}}