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The present study evaluated the efficacy of imagery extinction using a within-subject design allowing for the comparison of a conditioned stimulus extinguished via mental imagery (CS+Ei) to an unextinguished conditioned stimulus (CS+U) during extinction recall. Twenty-eight human participants underwent differential fear conditioning during functional magnetic resonance imagining. Successful acquisition of differential fear conditioning was confirmed by self-reported fear, skin conductance response (SCR), and activation the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Next, participants imagined the CS+Ei without mild shock and the CS\u2212 during the imagery extinction learning phase, in which fear transfer was confirmed with self-reported fear and SCR. Lastly, all stimuli were again visually presented in the visual extinction recall phase. Significantly greater ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)\u00a0activity was observed for the CS+Ei compared to the CS+U, suggestive of successful extinction recall following imagery extinction. Moreover, a vmPFC seed-based psychophysiological interaction analysis indicated that unlike the CS+Ei, the CS+U was positively connected with bilateral amygdala during extinction recall. The present study highlights dissociable vmPFC involvement during extinction recall when viewing the CS+Ei following fear extinction using mental imagery as compared to the unextinguished CS+.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsag031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T11:40:11Z","timestamp":1778067611000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ventromedial prefrontal cortex\u00a0activity during extinction recall suggests successful extinction learning via mental imagery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Andrew L","family":"Lyons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, 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