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Emotion recognition similarly unfolds in two stages: early perceptual decoding of facial features followed by context-sensitive interpretation. Here, we tested whether emotion recognition scaffolds mentalizing across these stages and whether they attenuate or amplify social bias. Participants (N\u2009=\u200934) completed a face categorization task during EEG recording, in which mentalizing was operationalized as differential neural responses to mindful (human) versus mindless (doll-like) faces, while perceptual (neutral vs. smiling) and contextual (ingroup vs. outgroup) cues were systematically manipulated. Early neural responses differentiated human from doll-like faces, indicating rapid mind detection despite perceptual similarity. Smiling expressions enhanced early neural sensitivity across both human and doll-like faces, suggesting that emotional information is extracted at early perceptual stages independently of stimulus humanity. Later EEG components revealed an asymmetry: emotional expressions selectively boosted mental state attribution for ingroup faces, reflecting the integration of contextual social information at later stages. Implicit association tests confirmed this pattern, with mind-related concepts more strongly associated with smiling ingroup faces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsag039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:41:43Z","timestamp":1780659703000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scaffolding the social mind: emotion recognition supports mentalizing but reinforces bias"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6889-9445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Biasiotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento , Corso Bettini 84 , Rovereto (TN), Trentino Alto-Adige, 38068,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ruzzante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento , Corso Bettini 84 , Rovereto (TN), Trentino Alto-Adige, 38068,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0214-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Meconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento , Corso Bettini 84 , Rovereto (TN), Trentino Alto-Adige, 38068,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2256-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Vaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento , Corso Bettini 84 , Rovereto (TN), Trentino Alto-Adige, 38068,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101919525908300_nsag039-B1","author":"Adobe Systems Incorporated","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101919525908300_nsag039-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.738","article-title":"Individual differences in the activation and control of affective race bias as assessed by startle eyeblink response and self-report","volume":"84","author":"Amodio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026101919525908300_nsag039-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.4.652","article-title":"Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior","volume":"91","author":"Amodio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026101919525908300_nsag039-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02148.x","article-title":"Angry, disgusted, or afraid?","volume":"19","author":"Aviezer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2026101919525908300_nsag039-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224313","article-title":"Body cues, not facial expressions, discriminate between intense positive and negative emotions","volume":"338","author":"Aviezer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026101919525908300_nsag039-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.1","article-title":"Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study","volume":"133","author":"Bar-Haim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2026101919525908300_nsag039-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610363547","article-title":"Context is routinely encoded during emotion perception","volume":"21","author":"Barrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2026101919525908300_nsag039-B07846697","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3940482","article-title":"Visual categorization during childhood: an ERP study","volume":"39","author":"Batty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2026101919525908300_nsag039-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.2.253","article-title":"Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others","volume":"80","author":"Blascovich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026101919525908300_nsag039-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.10.009","article-title":"When does the brain distinguish between genuine and ambiguous smiles? 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