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However, ambiguity exists regarding whether those correlates reflect receiving or sending out autonomic signals. Additionally, little is known about how emotion and aging interact with brain-autonomic coordination. Based on time-varying heart rate variability (HRV) and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) data (N\u2009=\u2009104 younger; N\u2009=\u200951 older adults), we found that insular and cingulate activity was negatively correlated with HRV during emotion regulation. We further examined the afferent and efferent nature of HRV-BOLD correlations during rest (N\u2009=\u2009102 younger; N\u2009=\u200951 older adults). Functionally afferent regions where increased BOLD activity was associated with preceding decreases in HRV included the posterior insula, postcentral gyrus, and frontal pole. Functionally efferent regions where increased BOLD activity was associated with subsequent increases in HRV included the anterior insula and cingulate cortex. Information appeared to flow in one direction as the afferent regions\u2019 activity Granger-predicted the efferent regions\u2019 activity. Together, our findings suggest a feedback loop where decreased HRV increases the afferent regions\u2019 activity, which activates the efferent regions, leading to increased HRV. Aging appears to affect this system as the efferent and afferent regions scarcely overlapped in younger adults but overlapped in older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsag054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:17:04Z","timestamp":1785323824000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct brain systems support afferent and efferent autonomic activity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7801-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungwon","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, , Los Angeles, CA 90089,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengshuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering, , Los Angeles, CA 90089,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development Center for Lifespan Psychology, , Berlin 14195,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Psychology Department, , Blacksburg, VA 24060,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Nashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, , Los Angeles, CA 90089,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Joo","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Leonard Davis School of 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