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Whether this influence extends to outcome evaluations when punishment is implemented by third parties remains unclear. We combined an adapted Third-Party Dictator Game with electroencephalography to address this. Participants received unfair allocations from violators and evaluated third-party punishment (TPP) outcomes. Empathic concern was induced by portraying violators as being in need. Behaviorally, victims in the empathy (vs. non-empathy) condition rated no-punishment and partial-punishment outcomes as more appropriate but complete-punishment outcomes as less appropriate. Partial-punishment outcomes received the highest ratings in the empathy condition, reflecting a balance between protecting violators\u2019 welfare and restoring fairness. Neurally, partial-punishment outcomes induced smaller P2 amplitudes in the empathy (vs. non-empathy) condition, suggesting lower motivational salience because they better matched victims\u2019 goals. No-punishment outcomes induced larger late positive potential amplitudes in the empathy (vs. non-empathy) condition, reflecting sustained processing of their affective and motivational significance. Parietal alpha suppression was weaker in the empathy (vs. non-empathy) condition, indicating reduced sustained attention to TPP outcomes. Together, these findings suggest that empathic concern shapes victims\u2019 evaluations of third-party norm-enforcement outcomes, extending its influence beyond contexts in which the empathizing individual also implements punishment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsag080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:26:18Z","timestamp":1790335578000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Empathic concern for violators modulates victims\u2019 evaluation of third-party punishment outcomes: behavioral and electroencephalography evidence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3816-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Research Center for Social Psychological Science and Engineering, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2403-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi\u2019an 710062,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1206-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongrong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China , Beijing 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