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However, most studies have focused on monetary incentives; fewer studies have considered neural representation of social incentives. A direct comparison of non-social and social incentives within the same study would establish whether responses to the different incentives are differentially affected in depression. The functional magnetic resonance imaging study presented here investigated the neural activity of individuals with subthreshold depression (SD) and healthy controls (HCs) while they participated in an incentive delay task offering two types of reward (monetary gain vs social approval) and loss (monetary loss vs social disapproval). Compared to HCs, individuals with SD showed increased subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) activity during anticipation of social loss, whereas the response in the putamen was decreased during consumption of social gain. Individuals with SD also exhibited diminished insula responses in consuming social loss. Furthermore, positive connectivity between the insula and ventral lateral pre-frontal cortex (VLPFC) was observed in individuals with SD while negative connectivity was found in HCs when consuming social loss. These results demonstrate neural alterations in individuals with depression, specific to the processing of social incentives, mainly characterised by dysfunction within the \u2018social pain network\u2019 (sgACC, insula and VLPFC).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsz061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T07:35:04Z","timestamp":1565249704000},"page":"815-826","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Neural substrates for anticipation and consumption of social and monetary incentives in depression"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhenhong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China"},{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Muhlert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2020011303162893900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.021","article-title":"Activity and connectivity of brain mood regulating circuit in depression: a functional magnetic resonance study","volume":"57","author":"Anand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020011303162893900_ref2","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition Manual","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"2020011303162893900_ref3","first-page":"525","volume-title":"Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology","author":"Berridge","year":"1999"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020011303162893900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-014-9437-y","article-title":"I don\u2019t care about others\u2019 approval: dysphoric individuals show reduced effort mobilization for obtaining a social reward","volume":"38","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"key":"2020011303162893900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.11.015","article-title":"Cognitive distortions mediate depression and affective response to social acceptance and rejection","volume":"190","author":"Caouette","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020011303162893900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.04.020","article-title":"Volitional control of anterior insula activity modulates the response to aversive stimuli. 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