{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:35:06Z","timestamp":1784547306105,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":69,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007620","name":"Erasmus Research Institute of Management","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SURF Cooperative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A preference for fairness may originate from prosocial or strategic motivations: we may wish to improve others\u2019 well-being or avoid the repercussions of selfish behavior. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify neural patterns that dissociate these two motivations. Participants played both the ultimatum and dictator game (UG\u2013DG) as proposers. Because responders can reject the offer in the UG, but not the DG, offers and neural patterns between the games should differ for strategic players but not prosocial players. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we found that the decoding accuracy of neural patterns associated with UG and DG decisions correlated significantly with differences in offers between games in regions associated with theory of mind (ToM), such as the temporoparietal junction, and cognitive control, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal cortex. We conclude that individual differences in prosocial behavior may be driven by variations in the degree to which self-control and ToM processes are engaged during decision-making such that the extent to which these processes are engaged is indicative of either selfish or prosocial motivations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsz097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T20:10:55Z","timestamp":1573675855000},"page":"1197-1207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Decoding fairness motivations from multivariate brain activity patterns"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sebastian P H","family":"Speer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, 3062 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten A S","family":"Boksem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, 3062 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"(4)","key":"2020030506095310700_ref3","article-title":"In others\u2019 shoes: do individual differences in empathy and theory of mind shape social preferences?","volume":"9","author":"Artinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020030506095310700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.3.413","article-title":"Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis","volume":"61","author":"Batson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020030506095310700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.008","article-title":"Distinct roles of the \u2018shared pain\u2019and \u2018theory of mind\u2019networks in processing others\u2019 emotional suffering","volume":"50","author":"Bruneau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"13","key":"2020030506095310700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.011","article-title":"The intentional network: how the brain reads varieties of intentions","volume":"45","author":"Ciaramidaro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020030506095310700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00049-1","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)\u201cbrain reading\u201d: detecting and classifying distributed patterns of fMRI activity in human visual cortex","volume":"19","author":"Cox","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2020030506095310700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.006","article-title":"Reduced cortical gray matter volume in male adolescents with substance and conduct problems","volume":"118","author":"Dalwani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"2020030506095310700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2012.12.020","article-title":"Explaining altruistic sharing in the dictator game: the role of affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and justice sensitivity","volume":"24","author":"Edele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020030506095310700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.1.91","article-title":"The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors","volume":"101","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020030506095310700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556151","article-title":"A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation","volume":"114","author":"Fehr","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020030506095310700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1994.1021","article-title":"Fairness in simple bargaining experiments","volume":"6","author":"Forsythe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Games and Economic Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020030506095310700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)00025-6","article-title":"Functional imaging of \u2018theory of mind\u2019","volume":"7","author":"Gallagher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020030506095310700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2681(82)90011-7","article-title":"An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining","volume":"3","author":"G\u00fcth","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization"},{"key":"2020030506095310700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.11.003.2009","article-title":"PyMVPA: a unifying approach to the analysis of neuroscientific data","volume":"3","author":"Hanke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020030506095310700_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X05000142","article-title":"\u201cEconomic man\u201d in cross-cultural perspective: behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies","volume":"28","author":"Henrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020030506095310700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.03.005","article-title":"Stimulating the brain to study social interactions and empathy","volume":"5","author":"H\u00e9tu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020030506095310700_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009925123187","article-title":"The impact of exchange context on the activation of equity in ultimatum games","volume":"3","author":"Hoffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Experimental Economics"},{"key":"2020030506095310700_ref23","first-page":"5285","article-title":"Fairness and the assumptions of economics","volume":"59","author":"Kahneman","year":"1986","journal-title":"journal of Business"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020030506095310700_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0803-z","article-title":"The role of the right temporoparietal junction in attention and social interaction as revealed by ALE meta-analysis","volume":"220","author":"Krall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Structure and Function"},{"key":"2020030506095310700_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600244103","article-title":"Information-based functional brain mapping","volume":"103","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020030506095310700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131562","article-title":"Spontaneous giving under structural inequality: intuition promotes cooperation in asymmetric social dilemmas","volume":"10","author":"Lotz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020030506095310700_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.051","article-title":"NeuroImage comparison of multivariate classifiers and response normalizations for pattern-information fMRI","volume":"53","author":"Misaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2020030506095310700_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MACH.0000035475.85309.1b","article-title":"Learning to decode cognitive states from brain images","volume":"57","author":"Mitchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020030506095310700_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.08.076","article-title":"NeuroImage deconvolving BOLD activation in event-related designs for multivoxel pattern classification analyses","volume":"59","author":"Mumford","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020030506095310700_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.07.005","article-title":"Beyond mind-reading: multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data","volume":"10","author":"Norman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020030506095310700_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EXEC.0000026978.14316.74","article-title":"Cultural differences in ultimatum game experiments: evidence from a meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Oosterbeek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Experimental Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020030506095310700_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211435940","article-title":"\u201cI help because I want to, not because you tell me to\u201d: empathy increases autonomously motivated helping","volume":"38","author":"Pavey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"2020030506095310700_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141","article-title":"Prosocial behavior: multilevel perspectives","volume":"56","author":"Penner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020030506095310700_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.12.004","article-title":"Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data?","volume":"10","author":"Poldrack","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020030506095310700_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797616654455","article-title":"Cooperation, fast and slow: meta-analytic evidence for a theory of social heuristics and self-interested deliberation","volume":"27","author":"Rand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"7416","key":"2020030506095310700_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11467","article-title":"Spontaneous giving and calculated greed","volume":"489","author":"Rand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020030506095310700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117426","article-title":"The collective benefits of feeling good and letting go: positive emotion and (dis) inhibition interact to predict cooperative behavior","volume":"10","author":"Rand","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020030506095310700_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.02.013","article-title":"Making sense of another mind: the role of the right temporo-parietal junction","volume":"43","author":"Saxe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2020030506095310700_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2012.08.007","article-title":"Affect and fairness: dictator games under cognitive load","volume":"41","author":"Schulz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"key":"2020030506095310700_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.01.009","article-title":"Fractionating theory of mind: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies","volume":"42","author":"Schurz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"13","key":"2020030506095310700_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6106","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000175107","article-title":"Distinct frontal systems for response inhibition, attentional capture, and error processing","volume":"107","author":"Sharp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020030506095310700_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.09.011","article-title":"The neural signature of social norm compliance","volume":"56","author":"Spitzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020030506095310700_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.12.027","article-title":"Article impulse control and underlying functions of the left DLPFC mediate age-related and age-independent individual differences in strategic social behavior","volume":"73","author":"Steinbeis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020030506095310700_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.210","article-title":"The effects of the COMT val108\/158met polymorphism on BOLD activation during working memory, planning and response inhibition: a role for the posterior cingulate cortex?","volume":"36","author":"Stokes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020030506095310700_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu114","article-title":"Be nice if you have to\u2014the neurobiological roots of strategic fairness","volume":"10","author":"Strang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020030506095310700_ref52a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.05.006","article-title":"The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants","volume":"168","author":"Tottenham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020030506095310700_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.2.4.195","article-title":"Anomalies: the ultimatum game","volume":"2","author":"Thaler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020030506095310700_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.009","article-title":"Understanding others\u2019 actions and goals by mirror and mentalizing systems: a meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Van Overwalle","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020030506095310700_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.07.005","article-title":"Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm","volume":"12","author":"Verbruggen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020030506095310700_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2009.01125.x","article-title":"Puzzlingly high correlations in fMRI studies of emotion, personality, and social cognition","volume":"4","author":"Vul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020030506095310700_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.01.054","article-title":"Common and unique components of response inhibition revealed by fMRI","volume":"27","author":"Wager","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020030506095310700_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1635","article-title":"Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data","volume":"8","author":"Wager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"2020030506095310700_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.12.073","article-title":"Impulse control in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex counteracts post-diet weight regain in obesity","volume":"109","author":"Weygandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"20","key":"2020030506095310700_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523940113","article-title":"Cortical thickness of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predicts strategic choices in economic games","volume":"113","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"15","key":"2020030506095310700_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6753","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914826107","article-title":"Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments","volume":"107","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2020030506095310700_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.012","article-title":"What gets the attention of the temporo-parietal junction? An fMRI investigation of attention and theory of mind","volume":"48","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020030506095310700_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.031","article-title":"Mental state attribution and the temporoparietal junction: an fMRI study comparing belief, emotion, and perception","volume":"48","author":"Zaitchik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"}],"container-title":["Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/article-pdf\/14\/11\/1197\/32789199\/nsz097.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/article-pdf\/14\/11\/1197\/32789199\/nsz097.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T11:10:42Z","timestamp":1583406642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/scan\/article\/14\/11\/1197\/5663537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsz097","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-5016","1749-5024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-5016","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-5024","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]}}}