{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:25:16Z","timestamp":1777623916200,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the roots of mania and melancholia can be traced to the 18th century and earlier, we have no such long historical narrative for dementia praecox (DP). I, here, provide part of that history, beginning with Kraepelin\u2019s chapter on Verr\u00fccktheit for his 1883 first edition textbook, which, over the ensuing 5 editions, evolved into Kraepelin\u2019s mature concepts of paranoia and paranoid DP. That chapter had 5 references published from 1865 to 1879 when delusional-hallucinatory syndromes in Germany were largely understood as secondary syndromes arising from prior episodes of melancholia and mania in the course of a unitary psychosis. Each paper challenged that view supporting a primary Verr\u00fccktheit as a disorder that should exist alongside mania and melancholia. The later authors utilized faculty psychology, noting that primary Verr\u00fccktheit resulted from a fundamental disorder of thought or cognition. In particular, they argued that, while delusions in mania and melancholia were secondary, arising from primary mood changes, in Verr\u00fccktheit, delusions were primary with observed changes in mood resulting from, and not causing, the delusions. In addition to faculty psychology, these nosologic changes were based on the common-sense concept of understandability that permitted clinicians to distinguish individuals in which delusions emerged from mood changes and mood changes from delusions. The rise of primary Verr\u00fccktheit in German psychiatry in the 1860\u20131870s created a nosologic space for primary psychotic illness. From 1883 to 1899, Kraepelin moved into this space filling it with his mature diagnoses of paranoia and paranoid DP, our modern-day paranoid schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T03:20:40Z","timestamp":1591327240000},"page":"765-773","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tracing the Roots of Dementia Praecox: The Emergence of Verr\u00fccktheit as a Primary Delusional-Hallucinatory Psychosis in German Psychiatry From 1860 to 1880"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Kenneth S","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia\/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1xp3stn","volume-title":"Melancholia and Depression: From Hippocratic Times to Modern Times.","author":"Jackson","year":"1986"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801888229","volume-title":"Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder.","author":"Healy","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4709","article-title":"The origin of our modern concept of depression: the history of melancholia from 1780\u20131880","author":"Kendler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0657-0","article-title":"The origin of our modern concept of mania in texts from 1780\u20131900","author":"Kendler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"11","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.148","article-title":"The genealogy of major depression: symptoms and signs of melancholia from 1880 to 1900","volume":"22","author":"Kendler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"8","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15121509","article-title":"The phenomenology of major depression and the representativeness and nature of DSM criteria","volume":"173","author":"Kendler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003238","article-title":"The clinical features of mania and their representation in modern diagnostic criteria","volume":"47","author":"Kendler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002768","article-title":"The genealogy of the clinical syndrome of mania: signs and symptoms described in psychiatric texts from 1880 to 1900","volume":"48","author":"Kendler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0009","volume-title":"Synopsis Nosologiae Methodicae.","author":"Cullen","year":"1780","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0010","volume-title":"A Methodical System of Nosology: Translated From Latin by Dr. Eldad Lewis.","author":"Cullen","year":"1807"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0011","volume-title":"Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Aerzte","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1899","edition":"6th ed"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2377","article-title":"The development of Kraepelin\u2019s mature diagnostic concepts of paranoia (die Verr\u00fccktheit) and paranoid dementia praecox (dementia paranoides): a close reading of his textbooks from 1887 to 1899","volume":"75","author":"Kendler","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0411-7","article-title":"The development of Kraepelin\u2019s mature diagnostic concept of hebephrenia: a close reading of relevant texts of Hecker, Daraszkiewicz, and Kraepelin","volume":"25","author":"Kendler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0014","article-title":"The development of Kraepelin\u2019s mature diagnostic concept of catatonic dementia praecox: a close reading of relevant texts","author":"Kendler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0015","volume-title":"Die Katatonie Oder Das Spannungsirresein: Eine klinische Form psychischer Krankheit.","author":"Kahlbaum","year":"1874"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0016","volume-title":"Catatonia: Translated from the German Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein (1874) by Y. Levij, M.D. and T. Pridan, M.D.","author":"Kahlbaum","year":"1973"},{"issue":"1871","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02329963","article-title":"Die hebephrenie: ein beitrag zur klinischen psychiatrie","volume":"52","author":"Hecker","year":"1871","journal-title":"Archiv Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X08099416","article-title":"Classic Text No. 77: \u2018Hebephrenia. A contribution to clinical psychiatry\u2019 by Dr. Ewald Hecker in Gorlitz (1871) (Introduction and translation (Part 1) by Abdullah Kraam)","volume":"20","author":"Kraam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0019","first-page":"233","article-title":"Classic Text No. 78: \u2018Hebephrenia. A contribution to clinical psychiatry\u2019 by Dr. Ewald Hecker in Gorlitz (1871) (Translation (Part 2) by Abdullah Kraam)","volume":"20","author":"Kraam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatry."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0020","volume-title":"Compendium der Psychiatrie: Zum Gebrauche f\u00fcr Studirende und Aerzte.","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1883"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6696(197001)6:1<36::AID-JHBS2300060105>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"A reappraisal of faculty psychology","volume":"6","author":"Albrecht","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Hist Behav Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.1996.0008","article-title":"Lumps and bumps: Kantian faculty psychology, phrenology, and twentieth-century psychiatric classification","volume":"3","author":"Radden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Philos Psychiatry Psychol."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108750349.040","article-title":"The impact of faculty psychology and theories of psychological causation on the origins of modern psychiatric nosology","volume-title":"Levels of Analysis in Psychopathology: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives","author":"Kendler","year":"2020","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0024","first-page":"368","article-title":"Uber monomanie als primare form der seelenstorung","volume":"21","author":"Snell","year":"1865","journal-title":"Allgemeine Z Psychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0025","first-page":"143","article-title":"Vortrag zur er\u00f6ffnung der psychiatrischen klinik zu Berlin am 2. Mai 1867","volume":"1","author":"Griesinger","year":"1868","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0026","first-page":"387","article-title":"Ueber eine specielle form der prim\u00e4ren Verr\u00fccktheit","volume":"1","author":"Sander","year":"1868","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0027","first-page":"252","article-title":"Uber die Verrucktheit","volume":"34","author":"Westphal","year":"1878","journal-title":"Allgemeine Z Psychiatr."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0028","volume-title":"Studien u\u0308ber die prima\u0308re Verru\u0308cktheit [Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doctors der Medicin].","author":"Mercklin","year":"1879"},{"issue":"17 Pt 1","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9400501702","article-title":"The notion of a unitary psychosis: a conceptual history","volume":"5","author":"Berrios","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatry."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0030","volume-title":"Des Maladies Mentales: Consid\u00e9r\u00e9es Sous Les Rapports: M\u00e9dical, Hygi\u00e9nique Et M\u00e9dico-L\u00e9gal.","author":"Esquirol","year":"1838"},{"issue":"9393","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14643-0","article-title":"Discarded diagnoses Monomania","volume":"362","author":"Bynum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2013.65","article-title":"The birth and death of a diagnosis: monomania in France, Britain and in Ireland","volume":"31","author":"Walsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Irish J Psychol Med."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0033","volume-title":"Handbuch Der Geisteskrankheiten.","author":"Sch\u00fcle","year":"1880"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0034","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Irrenheilkunde: F\u00fcr Aerzte und Studirende.","author":"Scholz","year":"1892"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0035","volume-title":"Psychiatrie: Ein kurzes Lehrbuch f\u00fcr Studirende un Aerzte.","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1893","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0036","volume-title":"Psychiatrie: Ein kurzes Lehrbuch f\u00fcr Studirende un Aerzte.","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1887","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0037","volume-title":"Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Aerzte.","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1896","edition":"5th ed."},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0038","volume-title":"Delirium und Wahn: Geschichte, Selbstzeugnisse und Theorien von der Antike bis 1900.","author":"Bruckner","year":"2007"},{"key":"2020070810444933100_CIT0039","volume-title":"Das Menschenbild im Wandel der Zeit: Ideengeschichte der Psychiatrie und der Klinischen Psychologie. Die Zeit bis Kraepelin und Freud. II","author":"Pauleikhoff","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/46\/4\/765\/33475047\/sbaa039.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/46\/4\/765\/33475047\/sbaa039.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T23:33:15Z","timestamp":1696203195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/46\/4\/765\/5854910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa039","relation":{},"ISSN":["0586-7614","1745-1701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0586-7614","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-1701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]}}}