{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:53:43Z","timestamp":1787313223097,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["142255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003243","name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-32791A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-32791A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003243","name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU20-04-00393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU20-04-00393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Brain & Behavior Research Foundation Young and Independent Investigator Awards"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity is highly prevalent in schizophrenia, with implications for psychiatric prognosis, possibly through links between obesity and brain structure. In this longitudinal study in first episode of psychosis (FEP), we used machine learning and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the impact of psychotic illness and obesity on brain ageing\/neuroprogression shortly after illness onset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We acquired 2 prospective MRI scans on average 1.61 years apart in 183 FEP and 155 control individuals. We used a machine learning model trained on an independent sample of 504 controls to estimate the individual brain ages of study participants and calculated BrainAGE by subtracting chronological from the estimated brain age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with FEP had a higher initial BrainAGE than controls (3.39 \u00b1 6.36 vs 1.72 \u00b1 5.56 years; \u03b2 = 1.68, t(336) = 2.59, P = .01), but similar annual rates of brain ageing over time (1.28 \u00b1 2.40 vs 1.07\u00b11.74 estimated years\/actual year; t(333) = 0.93, P = .18). Across both cohorts, greater baseline body mass index (BMI) predicted faster brain ageing (\u03b2 = 0.08, t(333) = 2.59, P = .01). For each additional BMI point, the brain aged by an additional month per year. Worsening of functioning over time (Global Assessment of Functioning; \u03b2 = \u22120.04, t(164) = \u22122.48, P = .01) and increases especially in negative symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (\u03b2 = 0.11, t(175) = 3.11, P = .002) were associated with faster brain ageing in FEP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain alterations in psychosis are manifest already during the first episode and over time get worse in those with worsening clinical outcomes or higher baseline BMI. As baseline BMI predicted faster brain ageing, obesity may represent a modifiable risk factor in FEP that is linked with psychiatric outcomes via effects on brain structure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T15:20:04Z","timestamp":1620314404000},"page":"1772-1781","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Obesity as a Risk Factor for Accelerated Brain Ageing in First-Episode Psychosis\u2014A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"McWhinney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Kolenic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marketa","family":"Fialova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Knytl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Matejka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Spaniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0281-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Hajek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9904","key":"2021102118062692000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61611-6","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Whiteford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021102118062692000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30132-4","article-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness","volume":"6","author":"Firth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021102118062692000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20252","article-title":"Risk of metabolic syndrome and its components in people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Vancampfort","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021102118062692000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs082","article-title":"Is the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities increased in early schizophrenia? 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