{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:40:11Z","timestamp":1787863211129,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"New York Fund for Innovation in Research and Scientific Talent"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schizophrenia is increasingly recognized as a systemic disease, characterized by dysregulation in multiple physiological systems (eg, neural, cardiovascular, endocrine). Many of these changes are observed as early as the first psychotic episode, and in people at high risk for the disorder. Expanding the search for biomarkers of schizophrenia beyond genes, blood, and brain may allow for inexpensive, noninvasive, and objective markers of diagnosis, phenotype, treatment response, and prognosis. Several anatomic and physiologic aspects of the eye have shown promise as biomarkers of brain health in a range of neurological disorders, and of heart, kidney, endocrine, and other impairments in other medical conditions. In schizophrenia, thinning and volume loss in retinal neural layers have been observed, and are associated with illness progression, brain volume loss, and cognitive impairment. Retinal microvascular changes have also been observed. Abnormal pupil responses and corneal nerve disintegration are related to aspects of brain function and structure in schizophrenia. In addition, studying the eye can inform about emerging cardiovascular, neuroinflammatory, and metabolic diseases in people with early psychosis, and about the causes of several of the visual changes observed in the disorder. Application of the methods of oculomics, or eye-based biomarkers of non-ophthalmological pathology, to the treatment and study of schizophrenia has the potential to provide tools for patient monitoring and data-driven prediction, as well as for clarifying pathophysiology and course of illness. Given their demonstrated utility in neuropsychiatry, we recommend greater adoption of these tools for schizophrenia research and patient care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T19:10:29Z","timestamp":1652123429000},"page":"728-737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Schizophrenia in Translation: Why the Eye?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0699-0960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven M","family":"Silverstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA"},{"name":"Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy J","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle M","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen E","family":"Bowles-Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev S","family":"Ramchandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2022062117211887800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2020.16","article-title":"High frequency of clinical conditions commonly associated with mitochondrial disorders in schizophrenia","volume":"32","author":"Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022062117211887800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sgac001","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgac001","article-title":"Evidence for shared genetic aetiology between schizophrenia, cardiometabolic, and inflammation-related traits: genetic correlation and colocalization analyses","volume":"3","author":"Perry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull Open."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022062117211887800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415573058","article-title":"Schizophrenia: a multi-system disorder?","volume":"49","author":"Little","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022062117211887800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13081136","article-title":"Looking schizophrenia in the eye","volume":"170","author":"Malaspina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"2022062117211887800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1359786810382059","article-title":"Schizophrenia: a multisystem disease?","volume":"24","author":"Mitchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022062117211887800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0275-2","article-title":"Correction to: is psychosis a multisystem disorder? 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