{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T02:59:39Z","timestamp":1784429979361,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","funder":[{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Young Investigator","award":["17680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17680"]}]},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Young Investigator","award":["28188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28188"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH122897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH122897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prior research has shown that patients with schizophrenia (SZ) show disruption in brain network connectivity that is thought to underlie their cognitive and psychotic symptoms. However, most studies examining functional network disruption in schizophrenia have focused on the temporally correlated coupling of the strength of network connections. Here, we move beyond correlative metrics to assay causal computations of connectivity changes in directed neural information flow, assayed from a neural source to a target in SZ.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study describes a whole-brain magnetoencephalography-imaging approach to examine causal computations of connectivity changes in directed neural information flow between brain regions during resting states, quantified by phase-transfer entropy (PTE) metrics, assayed from a neural source to an endpoint, in 21 SZ compared with 21 healthy controls (HC), and associations with cognitive and clinical psychotic symptoms in SZ.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found that SZ showed significant disruption in information flow in alpha (8\u201312 Hz) and beta (12\u201330 Hz) frequencies, compared to HC. Reduced information flow in alpha frequencies from the precuneus to the medio-ventral occipital cortex was associated with more severe clinical psychopathology (ie, positive psychotic symptoms), while reduced information flow between insula and middle temporal gyrus was associated with worsening cognitive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The present findings highlight the importance of delineating dysfunction in neural information flow in specific oscillatory frequencies between distinct regions that underlie the cognitive and psychotic symptoms in SZ, and provide potential neural biomarkers that could lead to innovations in future neuromodulation treatment development.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T07:49:15Z","timestamp":1662623355000},"page":"1384-1393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Abnormal Information Flow in Schizophrenia Is Linked to Psychosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Yingxin","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San, Francisco , CA 94143 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiwamu","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San, Francisco , CA 94143 , USA"},{"name":"Medical Imaging Business Center, Ricoh Company, Ltd. , Kanazawa , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leighton B N","family":"Hinkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San, Francisco , CA 94143 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55454 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Vinogradov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55454 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srikantan","family":"Nagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San, Francisco , CA 94143 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karuna","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022111811464249400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23107","article-title":"Abnormal salience signaling in schizophrenia: the role of integrative beta oscillations","volume":"37","author":"Liddle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2022111811464249400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.06.029","article-title":"Clinical symptoms and alpha band resting-state functional connectivity imaging in patients with schizophrenia: implications for novel approaches to treatment","volume":"70","author":"Hinkley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811464249400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125317737003","article-title":"When the drugs don\u2019t work: treatment-resistant schizophrenia, serotonin and serendipity","volume":"8","author":"Lowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"2022111811464249400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.13","article-title":"Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia","volume":"160","author":"Kapur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811464249400_CIT0005","first-page":"73","article-title":"Cognitive impairments in schizophrenia as assessed through activation and connectivity measures of Magnetoencephalography (MEG) data","volume":"3","author":"Hinkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"2022111811464249400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.06.025","article-title":"Directional information flow in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. 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