{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:58:20Z","timestamp":1791403100275,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]],"date-time":"2022-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institutes of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01MH094650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH094650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institutes of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01MH103231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH103231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institutes of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01MH112545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH112545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institutes of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21\/R33MH103231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21\/R33MH103231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institutes of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 MH110623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH110623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institutes of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21 MH126357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 MH126357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institutes of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32MH126368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH126368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-p) are less fit than nonclinical peers and show hippocampal abnormalities that relate to clinical symptoms. Exercise generates hippocampal neurogenesis that may ameliorate these hippocampal abnormalities and related cognitive\/clinical symptoms. This study examines the impact of exercise on deficits in fitness, cognitive deficits, attenuated psychotic symptoms, hippocampal volumes, and hippocampal connectivity in individuals at CHR-p.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a randomized controlled trial, 32 individuals at CHR-p participated in either an exercise (n = 17) or waitlist (no exercise) (n = 15) condition. All participants were sedentary at use and absent of current antipsychotic medication, psychosis diagnoses, or a substance use disorder. The participants completed a series of fitness, cognitive tasks, clinical assessments, and an MRI session preintervention and postintervention. The exercise intervention included a high-intensity interval exercise (80% of VO2max) with 1-minute high-intensity intervals (95% of VO2max) every 10 minutes) protocol twice a week over 3 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The exercise intervention was well tolerated (83.78% retention; 81.25% completion). The exercising CHR-p group showed that improved fitness (pre\/post-d = 0.53), increased in cognitive performance (pre\/post-d = 0.49), decrease in positive symptoms (pre\/post-d = 1.12) compared with the waitlist group. Exercising individuals showed stable hippocampal volumes; waitlist CHR-p individuals showed 3.57% decreased hippocampal subfield volume. Exercising individuals showed that increased exercise-related hippocampal connectivity compared to the waitlist individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The exercise intervention had excellent adherence, and there were clear signs of mechanism engagement. Taken together, evidence suggests that high-intensity exercise can be a beneficial therapeutic tool in the psychosis risk period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]],"date-time":"2022-07-10T03:27:02Z","timestamp":1657423622000},"page":"1394-1405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Exercise Intervention in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: Benefits to Fitness, Symptoms, Hippocampal Volumes, and Functional Connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4260-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine S F","family":"Damme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL , USA"},{"name":"Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University , Evanston and Chicago, IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivanka","family":"Ristanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL , USA"},{"name":"Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University , Evanston and Chicago, IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kimhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"},{"name":"MIRECC, The James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela D","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO , USA"},{"name":"Institute for Neuroscience, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9017-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay A","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL , USA"},{"name":"Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University , Evanston and Chicago, IL , USA"},{"name":"Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL , USA"},{"name":"Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL , USA"},{"name":"Institute for Policy Research (IPR), Northwestern University , Chicago, IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.08.052","article-title":"Aerobic fitness and body mass index in individuals with schizophrenia: implications for neurocognition and daily functioning","volume":"220","author":"Kimhy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv022","article-title":"The impact of aerobic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurocognition in individuals with schizophrenia: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Kimhy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.03.009","article-title":"The impact of aerobic exercise training on cardiopulmonary functioning in individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"173","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-016-0077-2","article-title":"Aerobic exercise in people with schizophrenia: neural and neurocognitive benefits","volume":"3","author":"Vakhrusheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0005","first-page":"e190020","article-title":"Improving Cognition via Exercise (ICE): study protocol for a multi-site, parallel-group, single-blind, randomized clinical trial examining the efficacy of aerobic exercise to improve neurocognition, daily functioning, and biomarkers of cognitive change in individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"4","author":"Ospina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Brain Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-017-0112-2","article-title":"Exercise treatments for psychosis: a review","volume":"4","author":"Mittal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1167","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m11365","article-title":"A supervised exercise intervention for youth at risk for psychosis: an open-label pilot study","volume":"78","author":"Dean","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318258e120","article-title":"Effects of exercise therapy on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"44","author":"Scheewe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0009","first-page":"433","article-title":"Using exercise to protect physical and mental health in youth at risk for psychosis","volume":"23","author":"Firth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Psychother."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.10.022","article-title":"Physical activity and fitness in adolescents at risk for psychosis within the Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort","volume":"116","author":"Koivukangas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.03.027","article-title":"Lower cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with more time spent sedentary in first episode psychosis: a pilot study","volume":"253","author":"Vancampfort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.01.005","article-title":"Alterations in body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio in never and minimally treated patients with psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"208","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034085","article-title":"Physical activity level and medial temporal health in youth at ultra high-risk for psychosis","volume":"122","author":"Mittal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89301-5","article-title":"Psychosis risk individuals show poor fitness and discrepancies with objective and subjective measures","volume":"11","author":"Damme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.06.011","article-title":"What prevents youth at clinical high risk for psychosis from engaging in physical activity? An examination of the barriers to physical activity","volume":"201","author":"Newberry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S168","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx024.019","article-title":"Aerobic exercise intervention for clinical high-risk youth improves cognitive and hippocampal abnormalities","volume":"43","author":"Mittal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12107","article-title":"Exercise practices in individuals at clinical high risk of developing psychosis","volume":"9","author":"Deighton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.12.011","article-title":"Comparing time use in individuals at different stages of psychosis and a non-clinical comparison group","volume":"161","author":"Hodgekins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa138","article-title":"Sensorimotor and Activity Psychosis-Risk (SMAP-R) scale: an exploration of scale structure with replication and validation","volume":"47","author":"Damme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx160","article-title":"Hippocampal subregions across the psychosis spectrum","volume":"44","author":"Vargas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.63","article-title":"Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium","volume":"21","author":"van Erp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.209","article-title":"Abnormal asymmetries in subcortical brain volume in schizophrenia","volume":"21","author":"Okada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0023","first-page":"161","article-title":"Hippocampal shape abnormalities predict symptom progression in neuroleptic-free youth at ultrahigh risk for psychosis","volume":"42","author":"Dean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.007","article-title":"Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"166","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00373","article-title":"Aerobic exercise as a tool to improve hippocampal plasticity and function in humans: practical implications for mental health treatment","volume":"10","author":"Kandola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01025-w","article-title":"Neurobiological effects of aerobic exercise, with a focus on patients with schizophrenia","volume":"269","author":"Maurus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.02.022","article-title":"Minor physical anomalies and vulnerability in prodromal youth","volume":"129","author":"Mittal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.193","article-title":"Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in schizophrenia","volume":"67","author":"Pajonk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104672","article-title":"Timing of menarche and abnormal hippocampal connectivity in youth at clinical-high risk for psychosis","volume":"117","author":"Damme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007038","article-title":"The stress cascade and schizophrenia: etiology and onset","volume":"29","author":"Corcoran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.4.667","article-title":"Schizophrenia: a neural diathesis-stress model","volume":"104","author":"Walker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0032","first-page":"546","article-title":"Aerobic exercise improves cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Firth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.01.005","article-title":"Effects of endurance training on brain structures in chronic schizophrenia patients and healthy controls","volume":"173","author":"Malchow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.05.026","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity, functioning and quality of life in young people at clinical high risk for psychosis","volume":"148","author":"Hui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10081191","article-title":"At clinical high risk for psychosis: outcome for nonconverters","volume":"168","author":"Addington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12274","article-title":"Anxiety in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis","volume":"11","author":"McAusland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Interven Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.01.051","article-title":"Adolescents at clinical-high risk for psychosis: circadian rhythm disturbances predict worsened prognosis at 1-year follow-up","volume":"189","author":"Lunsford-Avery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab104","article-title":"Sleep disturbance in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis","volume":"48","author":"Zaks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.12.029","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis","volume":"249","author":"Poe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1909","article-title":"Prediction of functional outcome in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis","volume":"70","author":"Carri\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12261","article-title":"Cognitive deficits in youth with familial and clinical high risk to psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Bora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1017\/S204579601200042X","article-title":"The role of cognitive functioning in the outcome of those at clinical high risk for developing psychosis","volume":"21","author":"Addington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717719895","article-title":"Canadian treatment guidelines for individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis","volume":"62","author":"Addington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24016590","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09289","article-title":"The RAISE early treatment program for first-episode psychosis: background, rationale, and study design","volume":"76","author":"Kane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0045","article-title":"\u201cReal-world\u201d first-episode psychosis care in Massachusetts: Lessons learned from a pilot implementation of harmonized data collection","author":"Kline","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0046","first-page":"274","article-title":"Has improved treatment contributed to the declining rate of transition to psychosis in ultra-high-risk cohorts?","volume":"243","author":"Formica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-019-0164-6","article-title":"Multidisciplinary treatment for individuals at clinical high risk of developing psychosis","volume":"6","author":"Addington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.02.005","article-title":"Neurocognitive performance and functional disability in the psychosis prodrome","volume":"84","author":"Niendam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0049","article-title":"Effects of mild-intensity physical exercise on neurocognition in inpatients with schizophrenia: a pilot randomized controlled trial","author":"Kurebayashi","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0764-8","article-title":"Course of clinical high-risk states for psychosis beyond conversion","volume":"268","author":"Michel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.10.001","article-title":"High remission rates from an initial ultra-high risk state for psychosis","volume":"116","author":"Simon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007040","article-title":"Prodromal assessment with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and the scale of prodromal symptoms: predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability","volume":"29","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2007.3","article-title":"Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: a multisite longitudinal study in North America","volume":"65","author":"Cannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.206","article-title":"Prediction of psychosis in adolescents and young adults at high risk: results from the prospective European prediction of psychosis study","volume":"67","author":"Ruhrmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0055","author":"Balke","year":"1959"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B259","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/53A.4.B259","article-title":"Treadmill exercise testing in an epidemiologic study of elderly subjects","volume":"53A","author":"Hollenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617799533079","article-title":"Use of oral reading to estimate premorbid intellectual and neuropsychological functioning","volume":"5","author":"Gladsjo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"issue":"20","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0406-07.2007","article-title":"The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to successful relational memory encoding","volume":"27","author":"Murray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr146","article-title":"Relational and Item-Specific Encoding (RISE): task development and psychometric characteristics","volume":"38","author":"Ragland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0276","article-title":"Functional and neuroanatomic specificity of episodic memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the relational and item-specific encoding task","volume":"72","author":"Ragland","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0061","author":"Gibbon","year":"1997"},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0062","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5: Research Version","author":"First","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"issue":"10 Supplement","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0064","article-title":"Hippocampal subfield analysis in MCI patients: comparing freesurfer on 3T MRI with hand segmentation on 7T data.","volume":"82","author":"Soman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15009","DOI":"10.1038\/npjschz.2015.9","article-title":"Abnormal hippocampal-thalamic white matter tract development and positive symptom course in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis","volume":"1","author":"Bernard","year":"2015","journal-title":"npj Schizophr."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.08.003","article-title":"Combating the dangers of sedentary activity on child and adolescent mental health during the time of COVID-19","volume":"59","author":"Mittal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f185","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f185","article-title":"Early interventions to prevent psychosis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"346","author":"Stafford","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00321-4","article-title":"Randomized trial of olanzapine versus placebo in the symptomatic acute treatment of the schizophrenic prodrome","volume":"54","author":"Woods","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12329","article-title":"Exercise as an intervention for first-episode psychosis: a feasibility study","volume":"12","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0070","article-title":"Stepping up early treatment for help-seeking youth with at-risk mental states: feasibility and acceptability of a real-world exercise program","author":"Lederman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09422-7","article-title":"A systematic review of studies reporting data-driven cognitive subtypes across the psychosis spectrum","volume":"30","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2925","article-title":"Cognitive subtypes of schizophrenia characterized by differential brain volumetric reductions and cognitive decline","volume":"73","author":"Weinberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv164","article-title":"Exercise improves clinical symptoms, quality of life, global functioning, and depression in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Dauwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000287","article-title":"Evidence-based early interventions for individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: a review of treatment components","volume":"203","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.010","article-title":"Evaluation of variability in individual response to treatments in the clinical high-risk state for psychosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"227","author":"Radua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00187","article-title":"Efficacy and acceptability of interventions for attenuated positive psychotic symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis: a network meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1024","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.278","article-title":"Inflammation and the neural diathesis-stress hypothesis of schizophrenia: a reconceptualization","volume":"7","author":"Howes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2015.02.005","article-title":"Feasibility and acceptability of an exergame intervention for schizophrenia","volume":"19","author":"Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0485-9","article-title":"Effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance and individual psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients","volume":"264","author":"Oertel-Kn\u00f6chel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv033","article-title":"Physical exercise keeps the brain connected: biking increases white matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls","volume":"41","author":"Svatkova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw007","article-title":"Enhancing cognitive training through aerobic exercise after a first schizophrenia episode: theoretical conception and pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Nuechterlein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618773759","article-title":"Motor clusters reveal differences in risk for psychosis, cognitive functioning, and thalamocortical connectivity: evidence for vulnerability subtypes","volume":"6","author":"Dean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa084","article-title":"Deconstructing negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: evidence for volitional and diminished emotionality subgroups that predict clinical presentation and functional outcome","volume":"47","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.11.015","article-title":"Embracing heterogeneity creates new opportunities for understanding and treating those at clinical-high risk for psychosis","volume":"227","author":"Mittal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01220-0","article-title":"Enhancement of aerobic fitness improves social functioning in individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"271","author":"Kimhy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400523","article-title":"Use of active-play video games to enhance aerobic fitness in schizophrenia: feasibility, safety, and adherence","volume":"67","author":"Kimhy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.16.3.277","article-title":"Perceived benefits of and barriers to exercise and stage of exercise adoption in young adults","volume":"16","author":"Myers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"issue":"S1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S141","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22782","article-title":"Enhancing neuroplasticity in the basal ganglia: the role of exercise in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Petzinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-150021","article-title":"The effects of exercise on dopamine neurotransmission in Parkinson\u2019s disease: targeting neuroplasticity to modulate basal ganglia circuitry","volume":"1","author":"Petzinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.11.16","article-title":"The role of exercise in facilitating basal ganglia function in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Petzinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022111811442803700_CIT0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2015.11.3.212","article-title":"Protective effects of physical exercise in alzheimer\u2019s disease and parkinson\u2019s disease: a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Paillard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol."}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/48\/6\/1394\/47117320\/sbac084.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/48\/6\/1394\/47117320\/sbac084.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T06:49:36Z","timestamp":1668754176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/48\/6\/1394\/6639007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbac084","relation":{},"ISSN":["0586-7614","1745-1701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0586-7614","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-1701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]}}}