{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T10:29:26Z","timestamp":1783247366413,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEALTH-F2-2010\u2013241909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEALTH-F2-2010\u2013241909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundacion de Amparo . Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo","award":["2012\/0417-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/0417-0"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019418","name":"Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009362","name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"King\u2019s College, London, UK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cluster studies identified a subgroup of patients with psychosis whose premorbid adjustment deteriorates before the onset, which may reflect variation in genetic influence. However, other studies reported a complex relationship between distinctive patterns of cannabis use and cognitive and premorbid impairment that is worthy of consideration. We examined whether: (1) premorbid social functioning (PSF) and premorbid academic functioning (PAF) in childhood and adolescence and current intellectual quotient (IQ) define different clusters in 802 first-episode of psychosis (FEP) patients; resulting clusters vary in (2) polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia (SCZ_PRS), bipolar disorder (BD_PRS), major depression (MD_PRS), and IQ (IQ_PRS), and (3) patterns of cannabis use, compared to 1,263 population-based controls. Four transdiagnostic clusters emerged (BIC\u2005=\u20052268.5): (1) high-cognitive-functioning (n\u2005=\u2005205), with the highest IQ (Mean\u2005=\u2005106.1, 95% CI: 104.3, 107.9) and PAF, but low PSF. (2) Low-cognitive-functioning (n\u2005=\u2005223), with the lowest IQ (Mean\u2005=\u200573.9, 95% CI: 72.2, 75.7) and PAF, but normal PSF. (3) Intermediate (n\u2005=\u2005224) (Mean_IQ\u2005=\u200580.8, 95% CI: 79.1, 82.5) with low-improving PAF and PSF. 4) Deteriorating (n\u2005=\u2005150) (Mean_IQ\u2005=\u200580.6, 95% CI: 78.5, 82.7), with normal-deteriorating PAF and PSF. The PRSs explained 7.9% of between-group membership. FEP had higher SCZ_PRS than controls [F(4,1319)\u2005=\u200520.4, P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001]. Among the clusters, the deteriorating group had lower SCZ_PRS and was likelier to have used high-potency cannabis daily. Patients with FEP clustered according to their premorbid and cognitive abilities. Pronounced premorbid deterioration was not typical of most FEP, including those more strongly predisposed to schizophrenia, but appeared in a cluster with a history of high-potency cannabis use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T15:59:59Z","timestamp":1660147199000},"page":"218-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["First-Episode Psychosis Patients Who Deteriorated in the Premorbid Period Do Not Have Higher Polygenic Risk Scores Than Others: A Cluster Analysis of EU-GEI Data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-2356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research, Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College , London , UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley Mental Health NHS Trust , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"La Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"La Cascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James B","family":"Kirkbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Psylife Group , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair G","family":"Cardno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pak","family":"Sham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Li KaShing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Centre for Genomic Sciences , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Tripoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6124-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Sideli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy"},{"name":"LUMSA University, Department of Human Science , Rome"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Seminerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crocettarachele","family":"Sartorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Szoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, AP-HP, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires, H. Mondor, DMU IMPACT , F-94010 Creteil , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Tarricone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8748-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miquel","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona A","family":"Stilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ASP Crotone , Crotone , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1636-889X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Gayer-Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieuwe","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Velthorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Seaver Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"},{"name":"Center for Transcultural Psychiatry Veldzicht , Balkbrug, Overijssel , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Jongsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Psylife Group , London , UK"},{"name":"Center for Transcultural Psychiatry Veldzicht , Balkbrug, Overijssel , The Netherlands"},{"name":"University Centre for Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rutten B P","family":"Bart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3218-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celso","family":"Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Rossi","family":"Menezez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9963-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Lasalvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Tosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tortelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Mondor de recherch\u00e9 biomedicale , Creteil , France"},{"name":"Etablissement Public de Sante Maison Blanche , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Marta","family":"Del Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Behaviour Department, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Selten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre for Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Health Care , Leiden , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter B","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, CAMEO Early Intervention Service , Cambridge , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"van Os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands"},{"name":"UMC Utrecht Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The WP2 EU-GEI Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Di Forti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research, Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6363-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Vassos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research, Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin M","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research, Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.055590","article-title":"Neuropsychological functioning in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"195","author":"Kravariti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"16","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700143X","article-title":"Neurocognitive subtypes in patients with bipolar disorder and their unaffected siblings","volume":"47","author":"Russo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0003","first-page":"2","article-title":"Clusters, dimensions, and hierarchies: finding a path forward for the neuroscience of mental disorders?","volume":"3","author":"Carter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.006","article-title":"Characterising the structure of cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"107","author":"Carruthers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09422-7","article-title":"A systematic review of studies reporting data-driven cognitive subtypes across the psychosis spectrum","volume":"30","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000367","article-title":"Cognitive clusters in first-episode psychosis: overlap with healthy controls and relationship to concurrent and prospective symptoms and functioning","volume":"31","author":"Uren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00919-x","article-title":"A systematic review and narrative synthesis of data-driven studies in schizophrenia symptoms and cognitive deficits","volume":"10","author":"Habtewold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.05.002","article-title":"Dimensions of intelligence in schizophrenia: evidence from patients with preserved, deteriorated and compromised intellect","volume":"39","author":"Badcock","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0009","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of cannabis use and cognitive reserve on age at onset and psychosis outcomes in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"38","author":"Leeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.9.907","article-title":"Cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia displaying preserved and compromised intellect","volume":"57","author":"Weickert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19050527","article-title":"Distinct polygenic score profiles in schizophrenia subgroups with different trajectories of cognitive development","volume":"177","author":"Dickinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.169","article-title":"Premorbid adjustment trajectories in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a transdiagnostic cluster analysis","volume":"272","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026922","article-title":"Using latent class growth analysis to form trajectories of premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia","volume":"121","author":"Cole","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.185.2.108","article-title":"Premorbid adjustment in first-episode non-affective psychosis: distinct patterns of pre-onset course.","volume":"185","author":"Larsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037189","article-title":"Premorbid adjustment profiles in psychosis and the role of familial factors","volume":"123","author":"Quee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006858","article-title":"Confirmation of a two-factor model of premorbid adjustment in males with schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Allen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.11.011","article-title":"Differential patterns of premorbid academic and social deterioration in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"75","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.084","article-title":"Exploring cognitive heterogeneity in first-episode psychosis: what cluster analysis can reveal","volume":"229","author":"Roser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp143","article-title":"IQ trajectory, cognitive reserve, and clinical outcome following a first episode of psychosis: a 3-year longitudinal study","volume":"37","author":"Leeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.046","article-title":"Cannabis users have higher premorbid IQ than other patients with first onset psychosis","volume":"150","author":"Ferraro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.06.004","article-title":"IQ differences between patients with first episode psychosis in London and Palermo reflect differences in patterns of cannabis use","volume":"210","author":"Ferraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz077","article-title":"Premorbid adjustment and IQ in patients with first-episode psychosis: a multisite case-control study of their relationship with cannabis use","volume":"46","author":"Ferraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00177-7","article-title":"Cannabis and psychosis\u2014authors\u2019 reply","volume":"2","author":"Di Forti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30048-3","article-title":"The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Di Forti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721005456","article-title":"Use of multiple polygenic risk scores for distinguishing schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and affective psychosis categories in a first-episode sample; the EU-GEI study.","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3554","article-title":"Treated incidence of psychotic disorders in the multinational EU-GEI study","volume":"75","author":"Jongsma","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01831-x","article-title":"The EUropean Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene\u2013Environment Interactions (EU-GEI): incidence and first-episode case\u2013control programme","volume":"55","author":"Gayer-Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0028","author":"CORDIS","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn117","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia: review of epidemiological findings and future directions","volume":"34","author":"van Os","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu069","article-title":"Identifying gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia: contemporary challenges for integrated, large-scale investigations","volume":"40","author":"Van Os","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0031","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2012.731390","article-title":"To cut a short test even shorter: reliability and validity of a brief assessment of intellectual ability in Schizophrenia\u2014a control-case family study","volume":"18","author":"Velthorst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/8.3.470","article-title":"Measurement of premorbid adjustment in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"8","author":"Cannon-Spoor","year":"1982","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.10.008","article-title":"The Premorbid Adjustment Scale Structured Interview (PAS-SI): preliminary findings","volume":"90","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2013.1251.1255","article-title":"Combination clustering analysis method and its application","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Sci."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031619","article-title":"Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters","volume":"76","author":"Fleiss","year":"1971","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz082","article-title":"PRSice-2: polygenic Risk Score software for biobank-scale data","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"GigaScience."},{"issue":"7510","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","article-title":"Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci","volume":"511","author":"Ripke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0397-8","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder","volume":"51","author":"Stahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions","volume":"22","author":"Howard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0152-6","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence","volume":"50","author":"Savage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0416-1","article-title":"Genome-wide association study implicates CHRNA2 in cannabis use disorder","volume":"22","author":"Demontis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30339-4","article-title":"A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0044","first-page":"e211961","article-title":"Associations between schizophrenia polygenic liability, symptom dimensions, and cognitive ability in schizophrenia","author":"Legge","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"issue":"13","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000282","article-title":"Reappraising the long-term course and outcome of psychotic disorders: the AESOP-10 study","volume":"44","author":"Morgan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.020","article-title":"Association of schizophrenia polygenic risk score with data-driven cognitive subtypes: a six-year longitudinal study in patients, siblings and controls","volume":"223","author":"Habtewold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3869","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 78,308 individuals identifies new loci and genes influencing human intelligence","volume":"49","author":"Sniekers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14040516","article-title":"IQ and schizophrenia in a Swedish National Sample: their causal relationship and the interaction of IQ with genetic risk","author":"Kendler","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01094-9","article-title":"Polygenic scores for schizophrenia and general cognitive ability: associations with six cognitive domains, premorbid intelligence, and cognitive composite score in individuals with a psychotic disorder and in healthy controls","volume":"10","author":"Engen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0050","first-page":"336","article-title":"The relationship between polygenic risk scores and cognition in Schizophrenia","volume":"46","author":"Richards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.08.017","article-title":"Cortical thickness in neuropsychologically near-normal schizophrenia","volume":"133","author":"Cobia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2006.11.002","article-title":"Intellectual functioning and memory deficits in schizophrenia","volume":"48","author":"Ruiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa157","article-title":"Cognitive subtyping in schizophrenia: a latent profile analysis","volume":"47","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.11.009","article-title":"Social problem-solving in high-functioning schizophrenia: specific deficits in sending skills","volume":"165","author":"Vaskinn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0055","volume-title":"WAIS-R: Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised","author":"Wechsler","year":"1981"},{"issue":"9929","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62036-X","article-title":"Schizophrenia: an integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model","volume":"383","author":"Howes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/18.2.319","article-title":"A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia","volume":"18","author":"Murray","year":"1992","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy279","article-title":"Polygenic risk score increases schizophrenia liability through cognition-relevant pathways","volume":"142","author":"Toulopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.2.93","article-title":"Origins of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: clues from age at onset","volume":"186","author":"Joyce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m13907","article-title":"Premorbid characteristics as predictors of early onset versus adult onset in patients with a first episode of psychosis","volume":"82","author":"Baeza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3338","article-title":"Characterizing developmental trajectories and the role of neuropsychiatric genetic risk variants in early-onset depression","volume":"76","author":"Rice","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.05.010","article-title":"Genome-wide association for major depression through age at onset stratification: major depressive disorder working group of the psychiatric genomics consortium","volume":"81","author":"Power","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4172","article-title":"Risk of early-onset depression associated with polygenic liability, parental psychiatric history, and socioeconomic status","volume":"78","author":"Agerbo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.5","article-title":"Cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis: a systematic meta-analysis cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis","volume":"68","author":"Large","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt181","article-title":"Daily use, especially of high-potency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users","volume":"40","author":"Di Forti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.115.051490","article-title":"It is time to bring borderline intellectual functioning back into the main fold of classification systems.","volume":"40","author":"Wieland","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJPsych Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.2.346","article-title":"Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: the IQ paradox resolved","volume":"108","author":"Dickens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0068","first-page":"7","article-title":"Better IQ but worse Premorbid Academic Adjustment in cannabis-users psychotic patients: another brick in the intuition.","volume-title":"Early Intervention in Psychiatry","author":"Ferraro","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01114-8","article-title":"Schizophrenia polygenic risk predicts general cognitive deficit but not cognitive decline in healthy older adults","volume":"10","author":"K\u0119pi\u0144ska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0070","article-title":"Migration history and risk of psychosis: results from the multinational EU-GEI study","author":"Tarricone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0071","article-title":"Social disadvantage, linguistic distance, ethnic minority status and first-episode psychosis: results from the EU-GEI case-control study","author":"Jongsma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.041566","article-title":"Psychoses, ethnicity and socio-economic status","volume":"193","author":"Kirkbride","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa119","article-title":"Nature, nurture, and the polygenic risk score for schizophrenia","volume":"46","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.011","article-title":"The influence of risk factors on the onset and outcome of psychosis: what we learned from the GAP study","volume":"225","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby118","article-title":"The complexities of evaluating the exposome in psychiatry: a data-driven illustration of challenges and some propositions for amendments","volume":"44","author":"Guloksuz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"13","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002319","article-title":"The Maudsley environmental risk score for psychosis","volume":"50","author":"Vassos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0077","article-title":"Mapping genomic loci prioritises genes and implicates synaptic biology in schizophrenia","author":"Ripke","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003348","article-title":"Power and predictive accuracy of polygenic risk scores","volume":"9","author":"Dudbridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00940-0","article-title":"Polygenic risk for schizophrenia and subcortical brain anatomy in the UK Biobank cohort","volume":"10","author":"Grama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm128","article-title":"Validity of the premorbid adjustment scale","volume":"34","author":"Brill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010315544477400_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20745","article-title":"Transdiagnostic clinical staging in youth mental health: a first international consensus statement","volume":"19","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry."}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/49\/1\/218\/48482761\/sbac100.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/49\/1\/218\/48482761\/sbac100.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T16:00:20Z","timestamp":1672761620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/49\/1\/218\/6659784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbac100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0586-7614","1745-1701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0586-7614","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-1701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]}}}