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Cortical gyrification characterizes brain development from in utero till about the first 2 years of life and can be measured in later years as static gyrification changes demonstrating neurodevelopment and dynamic gyrification changes reflecting brain maturation during adolescence. We hypothesized that PLEs would be associated with static cortical gyrification changes reflecting a neurodevelopmental abnormality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 1252 adolescents recruited in the IMAGEN consortium. We used a longitudinal study design, with Magnetic Resonance Imaging measurements at age 14 years and age 19 years; measurement of PLEs using the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) questionnaire at age 19 years; and clinical diagnoses at age 23 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show static gyrification changes in adolescents with elevated PLEs on 3 items of the CAPE\u2014voice hearing, unusual experiences of receiving messages, and persecutory ideas\u2014with lower cortical gyrification in fronto-temporal regions in the left hemisphere. This group also demonstrated dynamic gyrification changes with higher cortical gyrification in right parietal cortex in late adolescence; a finding that we replicated in an independent sample of patients with first-episode psychosis. Adolescents with high PLEs were also 5.6 times more likely to transition to psychosis in adulthood by age 23 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the largest study in adolescents that demonstrates fronto-temporal abnormality of cortical gyrification as a potential biomarker for vulnerability to PLEs and transition to psychosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T13:31:16Z","timestamp":1665667876000},"page":"309-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Psychotic Like Experiences in Healthy Adolescents are Underpinned by Lower Fronto-Temporal Cortical Gyrification: a Study from the IMAGEN Consortium"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raka","family":"Maitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte M","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"O\u2019Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Papanastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , UK"},{"name":"Therapeutic Area CNS, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH , Inghelheim , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany"},{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"IMAGEN list of authors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Banaschewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth J","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun L W","family":"Bokde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvane","family":"Desrivi\u00e8res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King\u2019s College London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herta","family":"Flor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim , Mannheim , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Grigis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroSpin, CEA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Garavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont , 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Martinot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, INSERM U 1299 \u201cTrajectoires d\u00e9veloppementales en psychiatrie\u201d; Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale sup\u00e9rieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli , Gif-sur-Yvette , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0452-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Laure","family":"Paill\u00e8re Martinot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherce M\u00e9dicale, INSERM U 1299 \u201cTrajectoires d\u00e9veloppementales and psychiatrie\u201d, University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS; Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and AP-HP. Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Artiges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, INSERM U 1299 \u201cTrajectoires d\u00e9veloppementales en psychiatrie\u201d; Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale sup\u00e9rieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette; and Psychiatry Department, EPS Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Durand , Etampes , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frauke","family":"Nees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of 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France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Paus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luise","family":"Poustka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre G\u00f6ttingen , G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Millenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane H","family":"Fr\u00f6hner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden , Dresden , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Section for Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael N","family":"Smolka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden , Dresden , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne M","family":"Winterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin , Germany"},{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin , Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Burke Quinlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King\u2019s College London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Ing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King\u2019s College London , 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"IMAGEN Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukhi","family":"Shergill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , UK"},{"name":"Kent and Medway Medical School , Canterbury , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023031516473438000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582392","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.582392","article-title":"Psychotic-like experiences: a challenge in definition and assessment","volume":"12","author":"Hinterbuchinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031516473438000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.269","article-title":"The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review","volume":"70","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031516473438000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32630","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of adolescent psychotic-like experiences shows genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders","volume":"177","author":"Pain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031516473438000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000449","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of psychotic-like experiences across adolescence: impact of victimization and substance use","volume":"41","author":"Mackie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023031516473438000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002960","article-title":"Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"42","author":"Kelleher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031516473438000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.101543","article-title":"Clinicopathological significance of psychotic experiences in non-psychotic young people: evidence from four population-based studies","volume":"201","author":"Kelleher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023031516473438000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.11.1053","article-title":"Children\u2019s self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study","volume":"57","author":"Poulton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031516473438000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08081182","article-title":"Psychopathology during childhood and adolescence predicts delusional-like experiences in adults: a 21-year birth cohort study","volume":"166","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031516473438000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003760","article-title":"Emotional and behavioural antecedents of young adults who screen positive for non-affective psychosis: a 21-year birth cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Welham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023031516473438000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002911","article-title":"Do subthreshold psychotic experiences predict clinical outcomes in unselected non-help-seeking population-based samples? 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