{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:41:39Z","timestamp":1789753299829,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#182469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#182469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychomotor slowing (PS) occurs in up to half of schizophrenia patients and is linked to poorer outcomes. As standard treatment fails to improve PS, novel approaches are needed. Here, we applied the RDoC framework using 3 units of analysis, ie, behavior, self-report, and physiology to test, whether patients with PS are different from patients without PS and controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motor behavior was compared between 71 schizophrenia patients with PS, 25 without PS, and 42 healthy controls (HC) using 5 different measures: (1) for behavior, an expert rating scale: Motor score of the Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Retardation Rating Scale, (2) for self-report, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire; and for physiology, (3) Actigraphy, which accounts for gross motor behavior, (4) Gait velocity, and (5) coin rotation task to assess manual dexterity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ANCOVAs comparing the 3 groups revealed differences between patients with PS and HC in expert ratings, self-report, and instrumental measures (all P \u2264 .001). Patients with PS also scored higher in expert ratings and had lower instrumental activity levels compared to patients without PS (all P \u2264 .045). Instrumental activity levels correlated with an expert rating of PS (rho = \u22120.51, P-fdr corrected &amp;lt;.001) and classified similarly at 72% accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>PS is characterized by slower gait, lower activity levels, and slower finger movements compared to HC. However, only actigraphy and observer ratings enable to clearly disentangle PS from non-PS patients. Actigraphy may become the standard assessment of PS in neuroimaging studies and clinical trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T14:44:07Z","timestamp":1669128247000},"page":"507-517","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Behavioral Mapping of Psychomotor Slowing in Psychosis Demonstrates Heterogeneity Among Patients Suggesting Distinct Pathobiology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5221-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niluja","family":"Nadesalingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4833-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danai","family":"Alexaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"},{"name":"Klinik Sonnenhalde AG Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Baumann Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6007-8668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"W\u00fcthrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kyrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassen","family":"Kerkeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Kalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4026-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023031516471121100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","article-title":"Schizophrenia - An overview","volume":"77","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"2023031516471121100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionps.2020.100016","article-title":"Psychomotor slowing in Schizophrenia: Implications for endophenotype and biomarker development","volume":"2","author":"Osborne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomarkers Neuropsychiatry."},{"key":"2023031516471121100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl051","article-title":"Psychomotor slowing in schizophrenia. 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