{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:27:02Z","timestamp":1775197622944,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody-associated encephalitis is a rare but clinically significant form of autoimmune encephalitis, predominantly affecting middle-aged men. Its heterogeneous clinical presentation often leads to misdiagnosis, commonly as other neurological or psychiatric disorders. This report details the case of a 46-year-old male who initially presented with depressive symptoms, personality changes, and visual hallucinations. Over time, his condition progressed to include memory impairment, disorganized behavior, and seizures. Initially misdiagnosed with schizophrenia, the correct diagnosis of LGI1 antibody-associated encephalitis was eventually established through positive serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests for LGI1 antibodies. Neuroimaging findings revealed characteristic bilateral temporal lobe lesions. The patient demonstrated marked improvement following treatment with methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin, ultimately achieving significant recovery. This case highlights the critical importance of comprehensive antibody testing and neuroimaging in patients presenting with nonspecific psychiatric and neurological symptoms to prevent misdiagnosis and delays in appropriate treatment. The article also reviews the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies for LGI1 antibody-associated encephalitis, aiming to enhance clinical awareness and optimize patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T21:51:58Z","timestamp":1725141118000},"page":"1273-1276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Anti-LGI1 Antibody-Associated Encephalitis Misdiagnosed as Schizophrenia: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jin-he","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing-bing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong-cong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8311-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-jie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2024110900291679800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70137-X","article-title":"Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: a case series","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024110900291679800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2022.103074","article-title":"Contemporary advances in antibody-mediated encephalitis: anti-LGI1 and anti-Caspr2 antibody (Ab)-mediated encephalitides","volume":"21","author":"Seery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmun 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Sonderen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"11","key":"2024110900291679800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-313000","article-title":"Emerging psychiatric syndromes associated with antivoltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Pr\u00fcss","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024110900291679800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000161","article-title":"Basal ganglia T1 hyperintensity in LGI1-autoantibody faciobrachial dystonic seizures","volume":"2","author":"Flanagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"29","key":"2024110900291679800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26654","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026654","article-title":"Case Report\/Case Series: rare case of anti-LGI1 limbic encephalitis with rapidly progressive dementia, psychiatric symptoms, and frequently seizures: a case report","volume":"100","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024110900291679800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70310-1","article-title":"Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Titulaer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2024110900291679800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003009","article-title":"Anti-LGI1-associated cognitive impairment: presentation and long-term outcome","volume":"87","author":"Ari\u00f1o","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia 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