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Using a gradient-based approach, we hypothesize that DS and NDS will exhibit convergent and divergent brain functional hierarchy patterns, each with a specific underlying neurotransmitter architecture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging images were acquired from 44 treatment-naive DS, 55 treatment-naive NDS, and 60 matched healthy controls (HCs). Gradient metrics were calculated using the BrainSpace toolbox. The spatial correlation between gradient abnormalities in DS or NDS and density maps of 10 neurotransmitters derived by the JuSpace toolbox was analyzed to link the neuroimaging to underlying neurotransmitter information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both DS and NDS exhibited compressed gradient patterns compared to HC, suggesting reduced network differentiation, with more severe disorganization in DS. The ventral attention network was associated with depression symptoms in DS, whereas the visual network was related to total, general, and paranoid symptom scores in NDS. Moreover, spatial correlation of neurotransmitter analysis revealed that the gradient alterations of DS were primarily related to the serotonergic system while those of NDS were predominantly associated with the dopamine system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study suggests that independent from the potential effects of antipsychotic medication, DS and NDS are characterized by different neuropathology in brain hierarchy patterns, potentially linked to neurochemical metabolic distinction. Our findings support the hypothesis that DS is a distinct subtype versus NDS from neurodevelopmental perspective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T07:21:43Z","timestamp":1735370503000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["More Severe Brain Network Hierarchy Disorganization in Treatment-Naive Deficit Compared to Non-deficit Schizophrenia and Underlying Neurotransmitter Associations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Chengmin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Psychoradiology and Neuromodulation, Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of 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,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Psychoradiology and Neuromodulation, Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University , Xiamen 361022 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Chengdu 610041 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology , Chengdu 610225 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University\u00a0of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310013 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 311121 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West 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