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A second sample of 65 SZ patients and 70 controls was then combined with the first sample, to generate a database where each subject was represented by 28 morphological variables. Four different machine learning (ML) algorithms were used for age prediction based on z-standardized OCT data. The associations between RAG, demographic, and clinical data were also analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients from both samples had significantly higher retinal age and positive RAG ranging between 5.88 and 7.44 years depending on the specific sample. Predictions based on the larger group but with fewer OCT variables exhibited higher prediction relative error. All ML algorithms generated similar outcomes regarding retinal age. RAG correlated with the dose of antipsychotic medication and the severity of symptoms. Correlations with chronological age showed that RAG was the highest in younger patients, and from the age of about 45 years, it decreased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ML-based results corroborated accelerated retinal aging in schizophrenia and showed its associations with pharmacological treatment and syndrome severity. The finding of a larger RAG in younger patients is novel and requires replication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T16:19:15Z","timestamp":1741623555000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Retinal Age Gap as a Marker of Accelerated Aging in the Early Course of Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9497-2713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Krukow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin , 20-439 Lublin ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Domaga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-public Health Care Facility KAMIMED, Psychiatric Department , 21-210 Milan\u00f3w ,\u00a0","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kiersztyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Intelligence, Lublin University of Technology , 20-618 Lublin ,\u00a0","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany A","family":"Blose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center , NY, 14642 Rochester ,\u00a0","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriann","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center , NY, 14642 Rochester ,\u00a0","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0699-0960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven 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