{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:38:30Z","timestamp":1786700310099,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gesture impairments are increasingly recognized as a core feature of schizophrenia, apparent across different domains and gesture categories. However, the potential differential effects of specific symptom domains on distinct types of gestures are unknown. The current study aimed to investigate whether specific domains of negative symptoms (NS) and formal thought disorder (FTD) relate to different aspects of gesture performance in patients with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gesture accuracy was assessed using the well-established test of upper limb apraxia, which examines performance across 2 domains and 3 semantic categories in 87 patients with schizophrenia and 57 age- and gender-matched controls. Further, we used standardized clinical rating scales to assess NS and FTD across their different subdomains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients performed worse than controls in both domains and all gesture categories. Further, both NS and FTD were associated with gesture impairments, yet the associations were distinct. Negative symptoms, particularly avolition and affective flattening, as well as Objective Negative FTD, were specifically linked to reduced performance of pantomime meaningless gestures. Conversely, Objective Positive FTD was associated with a broader range of gesture deficits, impacting both imitation and pantomime domains, including intransitive and transitive gestures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings reveal that gesture impairments in schizophrenia vary across distinct symptom domains, indicating that NS and FTD contribute differently to motor and cognitive dysfunctions suggesting different underlying neural mechanisms. These insights can guide targeted interventions to address specific gesture deficits based on underlying psychopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T11:43:43Z","timestamp":1754135023000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gesture Impairments in Schizophrenia: Distinct Roles of Negative Symptoms and Formal Thought Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5590-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Pavlidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bern, Translational Research Center, University of Bern , 3000, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Reiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bern, Translational Research Center, University of Bern , 3000, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Maderthaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bern, Translational Research Center, University of Bern , 3000, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Competence Centre for Psychosomatics, Department of Neurology , , 3010, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"University Hospital Inselspital Bern , , 3010, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"von K\u00e4nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bern, Translational Research Center, University of Bern , 3000, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern , 3012, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Chapellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bern, Translational Research Center, University of Bern , 3000, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexios","family":"Malifatouratzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bern, Translational Research Center, University of Bern , 3000, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4026-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bern, Translational Research Center, University of Bern , 3000, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg , 97080 W\u00fcrzburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","article-title":"Schizophrenia\u2014an overview","volume":"77","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S225643","article-title":"Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a review and clinical guide for recognition, assessment, and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Correll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20385","article-title":"The current conceptualization of negative symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"16","author":"Marder","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae214","article-title":"Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: a problematic history","author":"Barrera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30059-2","article-title":"Formal thought disorders: from phenomenology to neurobiology","volume":"5","author":"Kircher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2022.100240","article-title":"Using dynamic point light display stimuli to assess gesture deficits in schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"Pavlidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Cogn"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.09.001","article-title":"Conceptual disorganization impairs hand gesture performance in schizophrenia","volume":"215","author":"Walther","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.09.017","article-title":"Gesture deficits and apraxia in schizophrenia","volume":"133","author":"Walther","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu222","article-title":"Nonverbal social communication and gesture control in schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"Walther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv229","article-title":"Why we should take a closer look at gestures","volume":"42","author":"Walther","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143802","article-title":"Gesture's role in speaking, learning, and creating language","volume":"64","author":"Goldin-Meadow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12319","article-title":"Non-verbal communication in meetings of psychiatrists and patients with schizophrenia","volume":"131","author":"Lavelle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Mar"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000031","article-title":"Nonverbal behavior during face-to-face social interaction in schizophrenia: a review","volume":"202","author":"Lavelle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.06.007","article-title":"Mismatch and lexical retrieval gestures are associated with visual information processing, verbal production, and symptomatology in youth at high risk for psychosis","volume":"158","author":"Millman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw124","article-title":"Gesture performance in schizophrenia predicts functional outcome after 6 months","volume":"42","author":"Walther","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab059","article-title":"Neural basis of speech-gesture mismatch detection in schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"47","author":"Choudhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref17","article-title":"The processing of semantic complexity and cospeech gestures in schizophrenia: a naturalistic, multimodal fMRI study","volume":"3","author":"Cuevas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull Open"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22015","article-title":"Neural integration of speech and gesture in schizophrenia: evidence for differential processing of metaphoric gestures","volume":"34","author":"Straube","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.02.014","article-title":"Structural brain correlates of defective gesture performance in schizophrenia","volume":"78","author":"Stegmayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx059","article-title":"Limbic interference during social action planning in schizophrenia","volume":"44","author":"Stegmayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.10.017","article-title":"The cortical signature of impaired gesturing: findings from schizophrenia","volume":"17","author":"Viher","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby165","article-title":"Aberrant frontostriatal connectivity in negative symptoms of schizophrenia","volume":"45","author":"Shukla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt197","article-title":"A review of reward processing and motivational impairment in schizophrenia","volume":"40","author":"Strauss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.01.015","article-title":"White matter pathway organization of the reward system is related to positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"153","author":"Bracht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Mar"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-023-00384-7","article-title":"Resting-state perfusion in motor and fronto-limbic areas is linked to diminished expression of emotion and speech in schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Gangl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01132-0","article-title":"The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function","volume":"47","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.909703","article-title":"Brain stimulation and group therapy to improve gesture and social skills in schizophrenia\u2014the study protocol of a randomized, sham-controlled, three-arm, double-blind trial","volume":"13","author":"Chapellier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia Mar"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq059","article-title":"The brief negative symptom scale: psychometric properties","volume":"37","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull Mar"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv161","article-title":"Self-evaluation of negative symptoms: a novel tool to assess negative symptoms","volume":"42","author":"Dollfus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull May"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024","article-title":"A rating scale for the assessment of objective and subjective formal thought and language disorder (TALD)","volume":"160","author":"Kircher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02741.x","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of gesture production: a new test of upper limb apraxia (TULIA)","volume":"17","author":"Vanbellingen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.08.017","article-title":"Impaired gesture performance in schizophrenia: particular vulnerability of meaningless pantomimes","volume":"51","author":"Walther","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-016-0009-x","article-title":"Unravelling socio-motor biomarkers in schizophrenia","volume":"3","author":"S\u0142owi\u0144ski","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29772","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029772","article-title":"Impairments of social motor coordination in schizophrenia","volume":"7","author":"Varlet","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702870114","article-title":"Postural knowledge of transitive pantomimes and intransitive gestures","volume":"8","author":"Mozaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.12.008","article-title":"Impaired pantomime in schizophrenia: association with frontal lobe function","volume":"49","author":"Walther","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(02)00014-7","article-title":"Knowledge of object manipulation and object function: dissociations in apraxic and nonapraxic subjects","volume":"82","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.9.1913","article-title":"The role of conceptual knowledge in object use evidence from semantic dementia","volume":"123","author":"Hodges","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref41","article-title":"Pantomime of tool use: looking beyond apraxia","volume":"3","author":"Osiurak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(96)00085-1","article-title":"The meaning of meaningless gestures: a study of visuo-imitative apraxia","volume":"35","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02169","article-title":"Bayesian integration in sensorimotor learning","volume":"427","author":"K\u00f6rding","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.02.051","article-title":"Is formal thought disorder in schizophrenia related to structural and functional aberrations in the language network? A systematic review of neuroimaging findings","volume":"199","author":"Cavelti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.06.003","article-title":"Brain activity during emotionally negative pictures in schizophrenia with and without flat affect: an fMRI study","volume":"140","author":"Fahim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.01.016","article-title":"Gray matter volume differences specific to formal thought disorder in schizophrenia","volume":"182","author":"Horn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000337133","article-title":"Semantic network disconnection in formal thought disorder","volume":"66","author":"Horn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.10.043","article-title":"Involvement of the mirror neuron system in blunted affect in schizophrenia","volume":"152","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000031","article-title":"Emotional face processing and flat affect in schizophrenia: functional and structural neural correlates","volume":"41","author":"Lepage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac120","article-title":"Neural correlates of formal thought disorder dimensions in psychosis","volume":"49","author":"Maderthaner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000441657","article-title":"Distinct neuropsychological correlates in positive and negative formal thought disorder syndromes: the thought and language disorder scale in endogenous psychoses","volume":"73","author":"Nagels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02563-z","article-title":"Differences in the neural correlates of schizophrenia with positive and negative formal thought disorder in patients with schizophrenia in the ENIGMA dataset","volume":"29","author":"Sharkey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref53","first-page":"191","article-title":"Neural correlates of schizophrenia negative symptoms: distinct subtypes impact dissociable brain circuits","volume":"1","author":"Shaffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.05.023","article-title":"Structural organization of the praxis network predicts gesture production: evidence from healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia","volume":"132","author":"Viher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa008","article-title":"Dysbalanced resting-state functional connectivity within the praxis network is linked to gesture deficits in schizophrenia","volume":"46","author":"W\u00fcthrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.09.007","article-title":"Imitation of transitive and intransitive actions in healthy individuals","volume":"69","author":"Carmo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn181","article-title":"The observation and execution of actions share motor and somatosensory voxels in all tested subjects: single-subject analyses of unsmoothed fMRI data","volume":"19","author":"Gazzola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0193(200101)12:1<1::AID-HBM10>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Grezes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230","article-title":"The mirror-neuron system","volume":"27","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-linguistics-022421-063057","article-title":"Semantics of gesture","volume":"10","author":"Ebert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Linguist"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac002","article-title":"Dimensions of formal thought disorder and their relation to gray- and white matter brain structure in affective and psychotic disorders","volume":"48","author":"Stein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.05.010","article-title":"Brain structural network connectivity of formal thought disorder dimensions in affective and psychotic disorders","volume":"95","author":"Stein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20508","article-title":"Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments","volume":"17","author":"Lysaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry Feb"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs122","article-title":"Insight in schizophrenia: involvement of self-reflection networks?","volume":"39","author":"van der Meer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull Nov"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae075","article-title":"Thinking about the future of cognitive remediation therapy revisited: what is left to solve before patients have access?","volume":"50","author":"Wykes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx146","article-title":"A meta-analysis of social skills training and related interventions for psychosis","volume":"44","author":"Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1775586","article-title":"What is the potential of neurostimulation in the treatment of motor symptoms in schizophrenia?","volume":"20","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-025-00627-9","article-title":"Automated analysis of clinical interviews indicates altered head movements during social interactions in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis","volume":"11","author":"Lozano-Goupil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Schizophrenia (Heidelb)"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf010","article-title":"Capturing motor signs in psychosis: how the new technologies can improve assessment and treatment?","volume":"51","author":"Lozano-Goupil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01010-2","article-title":"Social cognition training using virtual reality for people with schizophrenia: a scoping review","volume":"28","author":"P\u00e9rez-Ferrara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn020","article-title":"Studying and treating schizophrenia using virtual reality: a new paradigm","volume":"34","author":"Freeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191601","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1191601","article-title":"Using virtual reality to assess gesture performance deficits in schizophrenia patients","volume":"14","author":"Pavlidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.607312","article-title":"Using virtual reality as a tool in the rehabilitation of movement abnormalities in schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Pavlidou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.564664","article-title":"The use of virtual reality to influence motivation, affect, enjoyment, and engagement during exercise: a scoping review","volume":"1","author":"Mouatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Virtual Reality"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001945","article-title":"Virtual reality in the assessment and treatment of psychosis: a systematic review of its utility, acceptability and effectiveness","volume":"48","author":"Rus-Calafell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145882","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145882","article-title":"Nonverbal synchrony in social interactions of patients with schizophrenia indicates socio-communicative deficits","volume":"10","author":"Kupper","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs091","article-title":"Is nonverbal communication disrupted in interactions involving patients with schizophrenia?","volume":"39","author":"Lavelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000446116","article-title":"Gesture performance in first- and multiple-episode patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"73","author":"Stegmayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000754","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of motor dysfunction in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: evidence for impairments in motor activation","volume":"131","author":"Osborne","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci May"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-023-00360-1","article-title":"Gesticulation in individuals with at risk mental states for psychosis","volume":"9","author":"Lopes-Rocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophrenia (Heidelb)"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab056","article-title":"Abnormal gesture perception and clinical high-risk for psychosis","volume":"47","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.2.351","article-title":"Gesture behavior in unmedicated schizotypal adolescents","volume":"115","author":"Mittal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.11.028","article-title":"Beat gestures and postural control in youth at ultrahigh risk for psychosis","volume":"185","author":"Osborne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026081405122929600_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.08.013","article-title":"Nonverbal communication remains untouched: No beneficial effect of symptomatic improvement on poor gesture performance in schizophrenia","volume":"223","author":"W\u00fcthrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/52\/4\/sbaf152\/64115149\/sbaf152.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/52\/4\/sbaf152\/64115149\/sbaf152.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:14:15Z","timestamp":1786698855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf152\/8240374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf152","relation":{},"ISSN":["0586-7614","1745-1701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0586-7614","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-1701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"article-number":"sbaf152"}}