{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:51:41Z","timestamp":1791435101891,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hans and Marianne Schwyn Foundation","award":["230273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["230273"]}]},{"name":"ERC Synergy","award":["101118756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101118756"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008273","name":"Novartis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20A058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20A058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008273","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain & Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several studies have found that retinal tissue is thinner in people with mental health disorders than in healthy controls (HC). However, most research has examined group-level differences and has therefore inadequately accounted for normative biological heterogeneity. A focus on single disorders has also made transdiagnostic comparisons challenging. We used normative modeling to estimate age-related decline of the human retina (and its expected variation) and compared it to the decline seen in schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). We hypothesized accelerated retinal decline in mental health disorders compared to controls, with SZ being most affected, followed by BD, then MDD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using UK Biobank data, we estimated age-related retinal decline (age range: 40-70) in HC (n\u2009=\u200951\u2009225) for total macular thickness (including coronal subfields) and its 8 segmented sublayers. We then compared the decline in SZ (n\u2009=\u2009170), BD (n\u2009=\u2009263), and MDD (n\u2009=\u200995) to the normative decline in HC. Adjustments were made for known confounding variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For HC, the pattern of estimated age-related decline for retinal thickness was curve-like and generally more pronounced in males compared to females. Individuals with a mental health disorder showed more pronounced retinal thinning; this effect was greatest in SZ and disorder-specific macular subfields. There was also an enrichment of individuals with extremely low (infranormal) values in the patient group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that major mental health disorders, particularly SZ, involve accelerated retinal thinning, detectable with normative modeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T11:49:56Z","timestamp":1758368996000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Estimating Accelerated Retinal Decline in Mental Health Disorders Through Normative Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8784-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Foivos","family":"Georgiadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland, 8006 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich, 8057 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finn","family":"Rabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland, 8006 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Kallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland, 8006 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Cecere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland, 8006 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Edkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland, 8006 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Barthelmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , 8091 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"The Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney , NSW 2000 Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Roguski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , EH16 4SA Edinburgh ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , EH16 4SA Edinburgh ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Boudriot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital , LMU Munich, 80336 Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , 80804 Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8538-0783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian J","family":"Raabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital , LMU Munich, 80336 Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , 80804 Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kirschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals , 1226, Th\u00f4nex ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva , 1211 Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9034-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Homan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland, 8006 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich, 8057 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4831-9948-1.50012-7","article-title":"Morphogenesis of the vertebrate eye","volume-title":"Advances in Morphogenesis","author":"Lopashov","year":"1961"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.69","article-title":"Subcortical brain alterations in major depressive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA major depressive disorder working group","volume":"21","author":"Schmaal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.04.023","article-title":"Cortical brain abnormalities in 4474 individuals with schizophrenia and 5098 control subjects via the enhancing neuro imaging genetics through meta analysis (ENIGMA) consortium","volume":"84","author":"van Erp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.63","article-title":"Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium","volume":"21","author":"Van Erp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.60","article-title":"Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA major depressive disorder working group","volume":"22","author":"Schmaal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.73","article-title":"Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: an MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA bipolar disorder working group","volume":"23","author":"Hibar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70168-X","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Petzold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.04.023","article-title":"Retinal layers in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography studies","volume":"64","author":"Chrysou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/J.OPHTHA.2018.08.009","article-title":"Spectral-domain OCT measurements in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/SCHBUL\/SBAE102","article-title":"Neuroretinal alterations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Bulletin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/SCHBUL\/SBAC050","article-title":"Schizophrenia in translation: why the eye?","volume":"48","author":"Silverstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2023.0171","article-title":"Association between retinal features from multimodal imaging and schizophrenia","volume":"80","author":"Wagner","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2023.2203231","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of optical coherence tomography studies in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder","volume":"24","author":"Prasannakumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114606","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSYCHRES.2022.114606","article-title":"Retinal changes in bipolar disorder as an endophenotype candidate: comparison of OCT-detected retinal changes in patients, siblings, and healthy controls","volume":"313","author":"Ay\u0131k","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02340-4","article-title":"Retina as a potential biomarker in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of optical coherence tomography and electroretinography","volume":"29","author":"Komatsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/BDI.12779","article-title":"Retinal vascular abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a window to the brain","volume":"21","author":"Appaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/SCHBUL\/SBZ029","article-title":"A meta-analysis of retinal c.3.0ytoarchitectural abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"46","author":"Lizano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/SCHBUL\/SBZ106","article-title":"Retinal changes in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on individual participant data","volume":"46","author":"Kazakos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0705-1","article-title":"ENIGMA and global neuroscience: a decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.07.24316925","article-title":"The retina across the psychiatric spectrum: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Kallen","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103089","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AJP.2022.103089","article-title":"Comparing retinal changes measured by optical coherence tomography in patients with schizophrenia and their siblings with healthy controls: are retinal findings potential endophenotype candidates?","volume":"72","author":"Kaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.05.24305387","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia through neuroinflammatory pathways is associated with retinal thinning: findings from the UK-biobank","author":"Rabe","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TICS.2019.03.009","article-title":"The heterogeneity problem: approaches to identify psychiatric subtypes","volume":"23","author":"Feczko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100800431353800_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/APPI.AJP.20230806","article-title":"Estimating multimodal structural brain variability in schizophrenia Spectrum disorders: a worldwide ENIGMA study","volume":"182","author":"Omlor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04554-y","article-title":"Brain charts for the human lifespan","volume":"604","author":"Bethlehem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aging of the human retina. Differential loss of neurons and retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"33","author":"Goo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-020-00428-3","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism of the adult human retina assessed by optical coherence tomography","volume":"10","author":"Nunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technol (Berl)"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TICS.2024.09.010","article-title":"Embracing variability in the search for biological mechanisms of psychiatric illness","volume":"29","author":"Segal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00696-5","article-title":"The normative modeling framework for computational psychiatry","volume":"17","author":"Rutherford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0441-1","article-title":"Conceptualizing mental disorders as deviations from normative functioning","volume":"24","author":"Marquand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.14.448106","article-title":"Normative modeling of neuroimaging data using generalized additive models of location scale and shape","author":"Dinga","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.7554\/ELIFE.85082","article-title":"Evidence for embracing normative modeling","volume":"12","author":"Rutherford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BPSC.2016.04.002","article-title":"Beyond lumping and splitting: a review of computational approaches for stratifying psychiatric disorders","volume":"1","author":"Marquand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00250-9","article-title":"Normative modelling of brain morphometry across the lifespan with CentileBrain: algorithm benchmarking and model optimisation","volume":"6","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2023.3850","article-title":"Normative Modeling of brain morphometry in clinical high risk for psychosis","volume":"81","author":"Haas","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2018.2467","article-title":"Mapping the heterogeneous phenotype of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder using normative models","volume":"75","author":"Wolfers","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000084","article-title":"Individual differences v. the average patient: mapping the heterogeneity in ADHD using normative models","volume":"50","author":"Wolfers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2022.3010","article-title":"Contrasting case-control and normative reference approaches to capture clinically relevant structural brain abnormalities in patients with first-episode psychosis who are antipsychotic naive","volume":"79","author":"Remiszewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001717","article-title":"Normative data and conversion equation for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in an international healthy control cohort","volume":"42","author":"Kenney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5853","DOI":"10.1167\/IOVS.12-10414","article-title":"Determinants of ganglion cell\u2013inner plexiform layer thickness measured by high-definition optical coherence tomography","volume":"53","author":"Koh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470944","DOI":"10.3389\/FNEUR.2019.01117\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Normative data and minimally detectable change for inner retinal layer thicknesses using a semi-automated OCT image segmentation pipeline","volume":"10","author":"Motamedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.009","article-title":"Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging in 67 321 adults: associations with macular thickness in the UK biobank study","volume":"123","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/JSS.V023.I07","article-title":"Generalized additive models for location scale and shape (GAMLSS) in R","volume":"23","author":"Stasinopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg4517","article-title":"Phenome- and genome-wide analyses of retinal optical coherence tomography images identify links between ocular and systemic health","volume":"16","author":"Zekavat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"The APOSTEL recommendations for reporting quantitative optical coherence tomography studies","volume-title":"Neurology","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002774"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179811","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYT.2023.1179811\/XML","article-title":"The multimodal Munich clinical deep phenotyping study to bridge the translational gap in severe mental illness treatment research","volume":"14","author":"Kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934640","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYT.2022.934640\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Biobanking in everyday clinical practice in psychiatry\u2014the Munich mental health biobank","volume":"13","author":"Kalman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref48","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/SCHBUL\/SBN187","article-title":"The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"35","author":"Fatemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revisited Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/SCHBUL\/SBAF038","article-title":"The retinal age gap as a marker of accelerated aging in the early course of schizophrenia","author":"Krukow","year":"2025","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8769","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8388","article-title":"Effects of age, sex, and axial length on the three-dimensional profile of normal macular layer structures","volume":"52","author":"Ooto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/jcdr\/2015\/10555.5445","article-title":"Variation of axial ocular dimensions with age, sex, height, BMI -and their relation to refractive status","volume":"9","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22619","article-title":"Brain size, sex, and the aging brain","volume":"36","author":"J\u00e4ncke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.3390\/JCM9103317","article-title":"Normative database for all retinal layer thicknesses using SD-OCT posterior pole algorithm and the effects of age, gender and axial length","volume":"9","author":"Palazon-cabanes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119864","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2023.119864","article-title":"Normative models for neuroimaging markers: impact of model selection, sample size and evaluation criteria","volume":"268","author":"Bozek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04492-9","article-title":"Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals","volume":"603","author":"Marek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref57","volume-title":"J Comp Neurol","author":"Curcio"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0332-x","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis reveals extensive genetic overlap between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Smeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.030","article-title":"Brain structure biomarkers in the psychosis biotypes: findings from the bipolar-schizophrenia network for intermediate phenotypes","volume":"82","author":"Ivleva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-CLINPSY-032814-112915","article-title":"Etiologic, phenomenologic, and Endophenotypic overlap of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol","author":"Pearlson","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2020.2694","article-title":"Virtual histology of cortical thickness and shared neurobiology in 6 psychiatric disorders","volume":"78","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAP8757","article-title":"Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain","volume":"360","author":"Anttila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/SCHBUL\/SBAB093","article-title":"A comparative multimodal meta-analysis of anisotropy and volume abnormalities in White matter in people suffering from bipolar disorder or schizophrenia","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SURVOPHTHAL.2020.03.002","article-title":"Macular imaging with optical coherence tomography in glaucoma","volume":"65","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCH.2024.04.014","article-title":"Signature of altered retinal microstructures and electrophysiology in schizophrenia spectrum disorders is associated with disease severity and polygenic risk","volume":"96","author":"Boudriot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/AGEING\/AFAC062","article-title":"Retinal age gap as a predictive biomarker of future risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/BJOPHTHALMOL-2021-319807","article-title":"Retinal age gap as a predictive biomarker for mortality risk","volume":"107","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12888-020-02881-W\/TABLES\/4","article-title":"Association of ocular diseases with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a retrospective case-control, population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.08.023","article-title":"Burden of undetected and untreated glaucoma in the United States","volume":"158","author":"Shaikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026100800431353800_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103026","article-title":"Diagnostic inequalities relating to physical healthcare among people with mental health conditions: a systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Liberati","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/52\/5\/sbaf178\/64951425\/sbaf178.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/52\/5\/sbaf178\/64951425\/sbaf178.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:43:41Z","timestamp":1791434621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf178\/8303408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf178","relation":{},"ISSN":["0586-7614","1745-1701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0586-7614","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-1701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"article-number":"sbaf178"}}