{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T10:59:58Z","timestamp":1774090798205,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009981","name":"Mental Health Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010247","name":"Schizophrenia Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-dehumanization is the experience of feeling less or other than human, and is known to be experienced by people with psychosis. Existing measures of self-dehumanization are limited in their applicability to psychosis, and have not been developed with people with lived experience. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a measure of self-dehumanization in psychosis in partnership with key stakeholder groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Firstly, domains were specified based on review of existing theories of self-dehumanization and qualitative research on self-dehumanization in psychosis. Secondly, items were generated from a systematic literature review of existing measures of self-dehumanization, transcripts from qualitative research on self-dehumanization in psychosis, and lived experience consultations. Third, items were reduced and revised in a Delphi study (n\u2009=\u200949). Fourth, cognitive interviews (n\u2009=\u20099) were conducted to improve comprehensibility and further revise items. Finally, in psychometric validation, the DiPS underwent exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, item reduction, and reliability and validity assessment (n\u2009=\u2009456).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 13-item DiPS was developed. Both two- and four-factor solutions were tested; the four-factor solution, comprising Humanity, Identity, Personhood, and Agency, demonstrated optimal fit. The DiPS showed strong construct validity, correlating positively with internalized stigma, paranoid thoughts, and voice-hearing, and negatively with self-compassion. Test\u2013retest reliability and internal consistency were excellent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The DiPS is a reliable and valid measure of self-dehumanization in psychosis. This novel measure can be used in research and clinical practice to better understand distress in psychosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T13:05:36Z","timestamp":1765371936000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Measuring feelings of dehumanization in people who experience psychosis: development and validation of the self-Dehumanization in Psychosis Scale (DiPS)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Tom A","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bath , Bath ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bath , Bath ,","place":["United 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