{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T22:11:22Z","timestamp":1782339082256,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the academic performance at age 12 years of children of mothers diagnosed with schizophrenia or other severe mental illness using a large whole-population birth cohort born in Western Australia. We investigated the association between academic performance and the subsequent development of psychotic illness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample comprised 3169 children of mothers with severe mental illness (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, unipolar major depression, delusional disorder or other psychoses; ICD-9 codes 295\u2013298), and 88 353 children of comparison mothers without known psychiatric morbidity. Academic performance of children was indexed on a mandatory state-wide test of reading, spelling, writing and numeracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A larger proportion of children (43.1%) of mothers with severe mental illness performed below the acceptable standard than the reference group (30.3%; children of mothers with no known severe mental illness). After adjusting for covariates, children of mothers with any severe mental illness were more likely than the reference group to perform below-benchmark on all domains except reading. For all children, poor spelling was associated with the later development of psychosis, but particularly for those at familial risk for severe mental illness (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.81; 95% CI for HR = 1.21, 2.72).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children of mothers with a severe mental illness are at increased risk for sub-standard academic achievement at age 12 years, placing these children at disadvantage for the transition to secondary school. For children with familial risk for severe mental illness, very poor spelling skills at age 12 years may be an indicator of risk for later psychotic disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:38:16Z","timestamp":1462063096000},"page":"205-213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Academic Performance in Children of Mothers With Schizophrenia and Other Severe Mental Illness, and Risk for Subsequent Development of Psychosis: A Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patsy","family":"Di Prinzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deidra","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Jacoby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Whitehouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavie","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assen","family":"Jablensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera A.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6600.681","article-title":"Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?","volume":"295","author":"Murray","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91386-6","article-title":"From neuropathology to neurodevelopment","volume":"364","author":"Weinberger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.4.636","article-title":"The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions","volume":"160","author":"Gottesman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00234-7","article-title":"Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from high-risk studies","volume":"60","author":"Niemi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2012.676309","article-title":"Neurocognition in youth and young adults under age 30 at familial risk for schizophrenia: a quantitative and qualitative review","volume":"18","author":"Agnew-Blais","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn084","article-title":"The antecedents of schizophrenia: a review of birth cohort studies","volume":"35","author":"Welham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2010.04.005","article-title":"Sex, intelligence and educational achievement in a national cohort of over 175,000 11-year-old schoolchildren in England","volume":"38","author":"Calvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs098","article-title":"Genetic risk for schizophrenia, obstetric complications, and adolescent school outcome: evidence for gene-environment interaction","volume":"39","author":"Forsyth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001127","article-title":"Poor school performance in offspring of patients with schizophrenia: what are the mechanisms?","volume":"42","author":"Jundong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.12.003","article-title":"Cognitive impairment among children at-risk for schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Dickson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/11.1.117","article-title":"The Teacher Interview","volume":"11","author":"Ayalon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707002048","article-title":"Scholastic achievement at age 16 and risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses: a national cohort study","volume":"38","author":"MacCabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0013","first-page":"77","article-title":"A Swedish National Prospective and Co-relative Study of School Achievement at Age 16, and Risk for Schizophrenia, Other Nonaffective Psychosis, and Bipolar Illness","volume":"42","author":"Kendler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90569-X","article-title":"Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort","volume":"344","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1183","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance","volume":"159","author":"Fuller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006928","article-title":"School performance as a predictor of psychiatric hospitalization in adult life. a 28-year follow-up in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort","volume":"28","author":"Isohanni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10909.x","article-title":"Can excellent school performance be a precursor of schizophrenia? A 28-year follow-up in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort","volume":"100","author":"Isohanni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.5.457","article-title":"School performance in Finnish children and later development of schizophrenia: a population-based longitudinal study","volume":"56","author":"Cannon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001693","article-title":"Meta-analyses of cognitive and motor function in youth aged 16 years and younger who subsequently develop schizophrenia","volume":"42","author":"Dickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq167","article-title":"Cohort Profile: Pathways of risk from conception to disease: the Western Australian schizophrenia high-risk e-Cohort","volume":"40","author":"Morgan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.1.79","article-title":"Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal complications in a population cohort of women with schizophrenia and major affective disorders","volume":"162","author":"Jablensky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705005969","article-title":"The diagnostic interview for psychoses (DIP): development, reliability and applications","volume":"36","author":"Castle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0023","volume-title":"McNeil-Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m Scale for Obstetric Complications","author":"McNeil","year":"1995"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0024","volume-title":"Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) - Technical Paper 2006. Catalogue no. 2039.0.55.001","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0025","volume-title":"Statistical Geography Volume 1 - Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC), Jul 2006. Catalogue no. 1216.0","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2006"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.1999.tb01297.x","article-title":"Population-based linkage of health records in Western Australia: development of a health services research linked database","volume":"23","author":"Holman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2002.tb00682.x","article-title":"Research use of linked health data\u2014a best practice protocol","volume":"26","author":"Kelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.01.021","article-title":"Real-world premorbid functioning in schizophrenia and affective disorders during the early teenage years: a population-based study of school grades and teacher ratings","volume":"136","author":"Ullman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.5.449","article-title":"Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"59","author":"Cannon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.12.2027","article-title":"A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder","volume":"159","author":"Reichenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.4.298","article-title":"Associations between premorbid intellectual performance, early-life exposures and early-onset schizophrenia: cohort study","volume":"181","author":"Gunnell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brit J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.4.354","article-title":"A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses","volume":"61","author":"Zammit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.060368","article-title":"Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study","volume":"196","author":"MacCabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brit J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(03)00257-9","article-title":"Academic deterioration prior to first episode schizophrenia in young Singaporean males","volume":"121","author":"Ang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.155","article-title":"Schizophrenia is a cognitive illness: time for a change in focus","volume":"70","author":"Kahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1328","article-title":"Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents","volume":"156","author":"Davidson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005680","article-title":"IQ and risk for schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study","volume":"27","author":"David","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.43","article-title":"Decline in cognitive performance between ages 13 and 18 years and the risk for psychosis in adulthood: a Swedish longitudinal cohort study in males","volume":"70","author":"MacCabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511735103.006","article-title":"Cognitive development in adolescence: cerebral underpinnings, neural trajectories and the impact of aberrations","volume-title":"Neurodevelopment and Schizophrenia","author":"Wood","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09040574","article-title":"Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding adult schizophrenia: a 30-year study","volume":"167","author":"Reichenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000773","article-title":"Neuropsychological performance and family history in children at age 7 who develop adult schizophrenia or bipolar psychosis in the New England Family Studies","volume":"43","author":"Seidman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/berj.3104","article-title":"Predictors of numeracy performance in national testing programs: insights from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children","volume":"40","author":"Carmichael","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brit Educ Res J"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031808","article-title":"Cumulative risk and child development","volume":"139","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv047","article-title":"Perinatal risks and childhood premorbid indicators of later psychosis: next steps for early psychosocial interventions","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2022063010325445900_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv050","article-title":"New targets for prevention of schizophrenia: is it time for interventions in the premorbid phase?","volume":"41","author":"Seidman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/43\/1\/205\/44318693\/schizophreniabulletin_43_1_205.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/43\/1\/205\/44318693\/schizophreniabulletin_43_1_205.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T21:25:57Z","timestamp":1692307557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/43\/1\/205\/2503383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbw042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0586-7614","1745-1701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0586-7614","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-1701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,30]]}}}