{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:36:54Z","timestamp":1790019414413,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/about_us\/legal\/notices"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1088785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1088785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T09:35:19Z","timestamp":1501061719000},"page":"560-574","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Widespread Volumetric Reductions in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Patients Displaying Compromised Cognitive Abilities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Tamsyn E","family":"Van Rheenen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Cropley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Zalesky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad","family":"Bousman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Bruggemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Sundram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshel K","family":"Lenroot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avril","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Shannon Weickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W","family":"Weickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Pantelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.11.3.437","article-title":"Is it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal","volume":"11","author":"Palmer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn044","article-title":"Neuropsychological function and dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders","volume":"35","author":"Reichenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000774","article-title":"Cognitive variability in psychotic disorders: a cross-diagnostic cluster analysis","volume":"44","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.084","article-title":"Exploring cognitive heterogeneity in first-episode psychosis: what cluster analysis can reveal","volume":"229","author":"Reser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2925","article-title":"Cognitive subtypes of schizophrenia characterized by differential brain volumetric reductions and cognitive decline","volume":"73","author":"Weinberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.9.907","article-title":"Cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia displaying preserved and compromised intellect","volume":"57","author":"Weickert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000307","article-title":"Characterizing cognitive heterogeneity on the schizophrenia-bipolar disorder spectrum","volume":"47","author":"Van Rheenen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15043","DOI":"10.1038\/npjschz.2015.43","article-title":"The impact of premorbid and current intellect in schizophrenia: cognitive, symptom, and functional outcomes","volume":"1","author":"Wells","year":"2015","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv048","article-title":"Brain structure in neuropsychologically defined subgroups of schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder","volume":"41","author":"Woodward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700017670","article-title":"Cognitive functioning and symptomatology in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"Nelson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(78)80049-5","article-title":"Dementia: the estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test","volume":"14","author":"Nelson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702860131","article-title":"The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid intelligence: a comparison with estimates derived from demographic variables","volume":"8","author":"Bright","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0013","first-page":"355","article-title":"The relationship of intellectual functioning and cognitive performance to brain structure in schizophrenia","volume":"43","author":"Czepielewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbi034","article-title":"Structural brain imaging evidence for multiple pathological processes at different stages of brain development in schizophrenia","volume":"31","author":"Pantelis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-034128","article-title":"Cortical folding: when, where, how, and why","volume":"38","author":"Striedter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00257","article-title":"Physical biology of human brain development","volume":"9","author":"Budday","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa9101","article-title":"Brain structure. Cortical folding scales universally with surface area and thickness, not number of neurons","volume":"349","author":"Mota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8488","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0391-14.2014","article-title":"Differential longitudinal changes in cortical thickness, surface area and volume across the adult life span: regions of accelerating and decelerating change","volume":"34","author":"Storsve","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.028","article-title":"Cortical thickness or grey matter volume? The importance of selecting the phenotype for imaging genetics studies","volume":"53","author":"Winkler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp026","article-title":"Distinct genetic influences on cortical surface area and cortical thickness","volume":"19","author":"Panizzon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156770","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156770","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in white matter tract integrity across the adult lifespan and its relation to cortical thinning","volume":"11","author":"Storsve","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0712","article-title":"Association of IQ changes and progressive brain changes in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"72","author":"Kubota","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.216.3.r00au37672","article-title":"Normal brain development and aging: quantitative analysis at in vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers","volume":"216","author":"Courchesne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3291116","article-title":"Specification of cerebral cortical areas","volume":"241","author":"Rakic","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.4.701","article-title":"The columnar organization of the neocortex","volume":"120 (Pt 4)","author":"Mountcastle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-121408","article-title":"Entorhinal cortex thickness predicts cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Velayudhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000483","article-title":"Initial cognitive decline is associated with cortical thinning in early Parkinson disease","volume":"82","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15070922","article-title":"Accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia: a longitudinal pattern recognition study","volume":"173","author":"Schnack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0031","article-title":"Accelerated gray and white matter deterioration with age in schizophrenia","author":"Cropley","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.12.1661","article-title":"Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism","volume":"155","author":"Woods","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6","article-title":"Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","article-title":"Cognitive reserve","volume":"47","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.05.061","article-title":"Different reserve proxies confer overlapping and unique endurance to cortical thinning in healthy middle-aged adults","volume":"311","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415589793","article-title":"Cell proliferation is reduced in the hippocampus in schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12662","article-title":"Searching for the neural basis of reserve against memory decline: intellectual enrichment linked to larger hippocampal volume in multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Sumowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06731.x","article-title":"The parahippocampal gyrus in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Clinical and preclinical neuroanatomical correlates","volume":"911","author":"Van Hoesen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.2.139","article-title":"Hippocampal and amygdala volumes according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis, and ultra-high-risk individuals","volume":"63","author":"Velakoulis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0053","article-title":"Observed cognitive performance and deviation from familial cognitive aptitude at age 16 years and ages 18 to 20 years and risk for schizophrenia and bipolar illness in a Swedish national sample","volume":"73","author":"Kendler","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810230082013","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia","volume":"47","author":"Goldberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180406155403_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033623","article-title":"Retrospective validation of WTAR and NART scores as estimators of prior cognitive ability using the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936","volume":"25","author":"Dykiert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/44\/3\/560\/24566229\/sbx109.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T12:44:29Z","timestamp":1569933869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/44\/3\/560\/4080143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbx109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0586-7614","1745-1701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0586-7614","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-1701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]]}}}