{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T19:39:31Z","timestamp":1778960371050,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009362","name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009360","name":"King\u2019s College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M008436\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M008436\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sir Henry Dale Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101272\/ Z\/13\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101272\/ Z\/13\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012\/0417-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/0417-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Seaver Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Psychotic patients with a lifetime history of cannabis use generally show better cognitive functioning than other psychotic patients. Some authors suggest that cannabis-using patients may have been less cognitively impaired and less socially withdrawn in their premorbid life. Using a dataset comprising 948 patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and 1313 population controls across 6 countries, we examined the extent to which IQ and both early academic (Academic Factor [AF]) and social adjustment (Social Factor [SF]) are related to the lifetime frequency of cannabis use in both patients and controls. We expected a higher IQ and a better premorbid social adjustment in psychotic patients who had ever used cannabis compared to patients without any history of use. We did not expect such differences in controls. In both patients and controls, IQ was 3 points higher among occasional-users than in never-users (mean difference [Mdiff] = 2.9, 95% CI = [1.2, 4.7]). Both cases and control daily-users had lower AF compared to occasional (Mdiff = \u22120.3, 95% CI = [\u22120.5; \u22120.2]) and never-users (Mdiff = \u22120.4, 95% CI = [\u22120.6; \u22120.2]). Finally, patient occasional (Mdiff = 0.3, 95% CI = [0.1; 0.5]) and daily-users (Mdiff = 0.4, 95% CI = [0.2; 0.6]) had better SF than their never-using counterparts. This difference was not present in controls (Fgroup*frequency(2, 2205) = 4.995, P = .007). Our findings suggest that the better premorbid social functioning of FEP with a history of cannabis use may have contributed to their likelihood to begin using cannabis, exposing them to its reported risk-increasing effects for Psychotic Disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T15:10:44Z","timestamp":1562080244000},"page":"517-529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Premorbid Adjustment and IQ in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis: A Multisite Case-Control Study of Their Relationship With Cannabis Use"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-2356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"2Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"La Cascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Sideli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"2Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2466-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenica","family":"Matranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo , Palermo,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Capuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic, Management and Statistical Sciences (DSEAS) University of Palermo , Palermo,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Tripoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Gayer-Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musa B","family":"Sami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pak","family":"Sham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li KaShing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lieuwe","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Velthorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah E","family":"Jongsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences , Cambridge,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Psylife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James B","family":"Kirkbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psylife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart P F","family":"Rutten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3218-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander L","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University , Cardiff,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celso","family":"Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miquel","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Bobes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Psychiatry Area, School of Medicine, Universidad de Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA, CIBERSAM , Oviedo,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Sanjuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERSAM , Valencia,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Psiquiatr\u00eda Hospital \u201cVirgen de la Luz,\u201d Cuenca,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Arrojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Genetic Group, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Tarricone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna , Bologna,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tortelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Etablissement Public de Sant\u00e9 Maison Blanche , Paris,","place":["France"]},{"name":"INSERM , Cr\u00e9teil,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Sz\u00f6ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM , Cr\u00e9teil,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina Marta","family":"Del-Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Selten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Health Care , Leiden,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lynskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addiction, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter B","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences , Cambridge,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"CAMEO Early Intervention Service, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Van Os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University Medical Centre , Utrecht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"La Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"WP2 EU-GEI GROUP","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Amoretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Baudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Beards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bonetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibiana","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Carracedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Charpeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Costas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doriana","family":"Cristofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cuadrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Ferchiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Frijda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Garc\u00eda Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paz","family":"Garcia-Portilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Pe\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Jamain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Lasalvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Leboyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"L\u00f3pez Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Lorente-Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Covadonga","family":"M D\u00edaz-Caneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Marcelino Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Marrazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Covadonga","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Matteis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elles","family":"Messchaart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma Dolores","family":"Molt\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nacher","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma Soledad","family":"Olmeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Parellada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Pignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Rapado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Romain","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Juan","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Rossi Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirella","family":"Ruggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilar A","family":"S\u00e1iz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crocettarachele","family":"Sartorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Schu\u0308rhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Seminerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosana","family":"Shuhama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona A","family":"Stilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Termorshuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Tosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Tronche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniella","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsje","family":"van der Ven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin M","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"2Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Di Forti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Psychiatry Section, University of Palermo , Palermo,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.001","article-title":"Association between cannabis and psychosis: epidemiologic evidence","volume":"79","author":"Gage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"9584","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61162-3","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"370","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmh.11.1.28","article-title":"Review: cannabis use increases the risk of psychotic outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Potvin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617703950016","article-title":"Non-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of cannabis use: a meta-analytic study","volume":"9","author":"Grant","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029117","article-title":"Residual effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive performance after prolonged abstinence: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Schreiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.01.010","article-title":"Meta-analysis of neurocognition in young psychosis patients with current cannabis use","volume":"99","author":"Bogaty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq079","article-title":"The impact of cannabis use on cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of existing findings and new data in a first-episode sample","volume":"38","author":"Y\u00fccel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.02.017","article-title":"The effects of cannabis use on neurocognition in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis","volume":"128","author":"Rabin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.04.022","article-title":"Contradictory cognitive capacities among substance-abusing patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Potvin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"9929","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62036-X","article-title":"Schizophrenia: an integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model","volume":"383","author":"Howes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.104.4.558","article-title":"Developmental pathways to schizophrenia: behavioral subtypes","volume":"104","author":"Neumann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn073","article-title":"Premorbid adjustment, onset types, and prognostic scaling: still informative?","volume":"34","author":"McGlashan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118760662","article-title":"Are cannabis-using and non-using patients different groups? Towards understanding the neurobiology of cannabis use in psychotic disorders","volume":"32","author":"Sami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.046","article-title":"Cannabis users have higher premorbid IQ than other patients with first onset psychosis","volume":"150","author":"Ferraro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181cc0d41","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in children and adolescents in their first episode of psychosis: differences between previous cannabis users and nonusers","volume":"198","author":"de la Serna","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0016","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of cannabis use and cognitive reserve on age at onset and psychosis outcomes in first-episode Schizophrenia","volume":"38","author":"Leeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.053.2009","article-title":"Cannabis use and cognition in schizophrenia","volume":"3","author":"L\u00f8berg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1512-9","article-title":"The role of cannabis in cognitive functioning of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"205","author":"Schnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.03.021","article-title":"Increased gray matter density in patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use: a voxel-based morphometric study using DARTEL","volume":"138","author":"Schnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00387-0","article-title":"Drug abuse and\/or dependence and better neuropsychological performance in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"63","author":"Joyal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.10.006","article-title":"Cannabis use prior to first onset psychosis predicts spared neurocognition at 10-year follow-up","volume":"75","author":"Stirling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.08.017","article-title":"Cannabis use and cognitive functioning in first-episode schizophrenia patients","volume":"124","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.10.005","article-title":"Pre-illness cannabis use and the early course of nonaffective psychotic disorders: associations with premorbid functioning, the prodrome, and mode of onset of psychosis","volume":"126","author":"Compton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.03.037","article-title":"Are cannabis use disorders associated with an earlier age at onset of psychosis? A study in first episode schizophrenia","volume":"120","author":"Sevy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800756-3.00026-0","article-title":"Cannabis users and premorbid intellectual quotient.","volume-title":"Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies: Biology, Pharmacology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","author":"Ferraro"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00138.x","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent antecedents of substance use in adulthood","volume":"97","author":"Ensminger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(82)90068-0","article-title":"Early predictors of age at first use of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes","volume":"9","author":"Fleming","year":"1982","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(80)90003-4","article-title":"Mental health in first grade and teenage drug, alcohol, and cigarette use","volume":"5","author":"Kellam","year":"1980","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0029","article-title":"White JW, Gale CR, Batty GD. Intelligence quotient in childhood and the risk of illegal drug use in middle-age: the 1958 National Child Development Survey. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22(9):654-657."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.024","article-title":"Cognitive ability in early adulthood as a predictor of habitual drug use during later military service and civilian life: the Vietnam Experience Study","volume":"125","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0031","first-page":"887","article-title":"Current and former marijuana use: preliminary findings of a longitudinal study of effects on IQ in young adults","volume":"166","author":"Fried","year":"2002","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu069","article-title":"Identifying gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia: contemporary challenges for integrated, large-scale investigations","volume":"40","author":"European Network of National Networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia (EU-GEI)","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3554","article-title":"Treated incidence of psychotic disorders in the multinational EU-GEI Study","volume":"75","author":"Jongsma","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0034","volume-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30048-3","article-title":"The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe: the EUGEI case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Di Forti","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-002-0557-4","article-title":"Social environment, ethnicity and schizophrenia. A case-control study","volume":"37","author":"Mallett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810320088015","article-title":"A polydiagnostic application of operational criteria in studies of psychotic illness. Development and reliability of the OPCRIT system","volume":"48","author":"McGuffin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0038","article-title":"Williams J, Farmer AE, Ackenheil M, Kaufmann CA, McGuffin P, Group TORR. A multicentre inter-rater reliability study using the OPCRIT computerized diagnostic system. Psychol Med. 1996;26(4):775-783."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0039","first-page":"350","article-title":"The composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI): its reliability and applicability in a rural community of northern India","volume":"41","author":"Kishore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2012.731390","article-title":"To cut a short test even shorter: reliability and validity of a brief assessment of intellectual ability in schizophrenia\u2013a control-case family study","volume":"18","author":"Velthorst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychiatry."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0041","volume-title":"WAIS-R: Manual\u202f: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised","author":"Wechsler","year":"1981"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/8.3.470","article-title":"Measurement of premorbid adjustment in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"8","author":"Cannon-Spoor","year":"1982","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.10.008","article-title":"The premorbid adjustment scale structured interview (PAS-SI): preliminary findings","volume":"90","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.04.007","article-title":"The Premorbid Adjustment Scale as a measure of developmental compromise in patients with schizophrenia and their healthy siblings","volume":"112","author":"Shapiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.02.022","article-title":"Premorbid adjustment and clinical correlates of cognitive impairment in first-episode psychosis. The PEPsCog Study","volume":"164","author":"Cuesta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000369859","article-title":"First-rank symptoms and premorbid adjustment in young individuals at increased risk of developing psychosis","volume":"48","author":"Morcillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopathology."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.12.2021","article-title":"Relationship between premorbid functioning and symptom severity as assessed at first episode of psychosis","volume":"159","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0048","first-page":"92","article-title":"Assessment of premorbid function in first-episode schizophrenia: modifications to the Premorbid Adjustment Scale","volume-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci.","author":"van Mastrigt","year":"2002"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000515)19:9<1141::AID-SIM479>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Bootstrap confidence intervals: when, which, what? A practical guide for medical statisticians","volume":"19","author":"Carpenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.06.018","article-title":"Cannabis-associated psychosis: neural substrate and clinical impact","volume":"124","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4370-06.2007","article-title":"Conditioned dopamine release in humans: a positron emission tomography [11C]raclopride study with amphetamine","volume":"27","author":"Boileau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00356.x","article-title":"Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine transporter in cannabis and tobacco addiction: a high-resolution PET study","volume":"17","author":"Leroy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.10.021","article-title":"Cannabis use and premorbid functioning as predictors of poorer neurocognition in schizophrenia spectrum disorder","volume":"143","author":"Ringen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18010069","article-title":"Association between smoking behavior and cognitive functioning in patients with psychosis, siblings, and healthy control subjects: results from a prospective 6-year follow-up study","volume":"175","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.07.010","article-title":"Neurocognitive endophenotypes in schizophrenia: modulation by nicotinic receptor systems","volume":"52","author":"Mackowick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002131","article-title":"Transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology at first episode psychosis: findings from the multinational EU-GEI study","volume":"49","author":"Quattrone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-2-13","article-title":"A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology","volume":"2","author":"McGrath","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.6.565","article-title":"Sex differences in the risk of schizophrenia: evidence from meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Aleman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs112","article-title":"Social disadvantage: cause or consequence of impending psychosis?","volume":"39","author":"Stilo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.8.749","article-title":"Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a study of first-episode patients","volume":"56","author":"Mohamed","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09010118","article-title":"Specific and generalized neuropsychological deficits: a comparison of patients with various first-episode psychosis presentations","volume":"167","author":"Zanelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.09.020","article-title":"A systematic meta-review grading the evidence for non-genetic risk factors and putative antecedents of schizophrenia","volume":"133","author":"Matheson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1992.11024607","article-title":"Interpersonal behavior of children at risk for schizophrenia","volume":"55","author":"Hans","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatry."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.5.420","article-title":"Predictors of later schizophrenia and affective psychosis among attendees at a child psychiatry department","volume":"178","author":"Cannon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.12.038","article-title":"Cannabis use, gender and age of onset of schizophrenia: data from the \u00c6SOP study","volume":"215","author":"Donoghue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.018","article-title":"Substance abuse in first-episode non-affective psychosis","volume":"88","author":"Larsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.064220","article-title":"High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis","volume":"195","author":"Di Forti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415599846","article-title":"Cannabis use in first episode psychosis: meta-analysis of prevalence, and the time course of initiation and continued use","volume":"50","author":"Myles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.06.026","article-title":"No additive effect of cannabis on cognition in schizophrenia","volume":"168","author":"Power","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4160-2","article-title":"Cannabis use and cognitive function in first episode psychosis: differential effect of heavy use","volume":"233","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2016.09.001","article-title":"Compared to high and low cannabis use, moderate use is associated with fewer cognitive deficits in psychosis","volume":"6","author":"Schnakenberg Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Cogn."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2657","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206820109","article-title":"Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife","volume":"109","author":"Meier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.104","article-title":"The new genetics of intelligence","volume":"19","author":"Plomin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0074","first-page":"336","article-title":"The relationship between polygenic risk scores and cognition in schizophrenia","volume":"46","author":"Richards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012989","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012989","article-title":"Childhood academic ability in relation to cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use from adolescence into early adulthood: longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE)","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0076","volume-title":"Longitudinal Research on Drug Use. Empirical Findings and Methodologocal Issues","author":"Kandel","year":"1978"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp148","article-title":"Influence of cannabis use trajectories, grade repetition and family background on the school-dropout rate at the age of 17 years in France","volume":"20","author":"Legleye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2013.786921","article-title":"Association of educational attainment and adolescent substance use disorder in a clinical sample","volume":"23","author":"Apantaku-Olajide","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/10678281003634975","article-title":"Trajectories of substance use disorders in youth: identifying and predicting group memberships","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0713-0","article-title":"Substance misuse at presentation to an early psychosis program","volume":"39","author":"Van Mastrigt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798007399","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of substance use disorders and onset of psychosis in first-admission psychotic patients","volume":"28","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0122404","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122404","article-title":"Social functioning trajectories of young first-episode psychosis patients with and without cannabis misuse: a 30-month follow-up study","volume":"10","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Blanch","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp126","article-title":"Cannabis and first-episode psychosis: different long-term outcomes depending on continued or discontinued use","volume":"37","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pinto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.07.051","article-title":"Neurocognitive and social cognitive predictors of cannabis use in first-episode psychosis","volume":"168","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.047","article-title":"The positive link between executive function and lifetime cannabis use in schizophrenia is not explained by current levels of superior social cognition","volume":"250","author":"Helle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00573.x","article-title":"Cannabis and educational achievement","volume":"98","author":"Fergusson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01441571","article-title":"The short-term consequences of early onset cannabis use","volume":"24","author":"Fergusson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03198.x","article-title":"Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults","volume":"92","author":"Fergusson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215678110","article-title":"Correlations between cannabis use and IQ change in the Dunedin cohort are consistent with confounding from socioeconomic status","volume":"110","author":"Rogeberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3280fa838e","article-title":"Cannabis use and psychiatric and cogitive disorders: the chicken or the egg?","volume":"20","author":"Di Forti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/18.2.319","article-title":"A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia","volume":"18","author":"Murray","year":"1992","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"6600","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6600.681","article-title":"Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?","volume":"295","author":"Murray","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.11.007","article-title":"Differential patterns of premorbid social and academic deterioration in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia","volume":"135","author":"Strauss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.01.032","article-title":"Differences in developmental changes in academic and social premorbid adjustment between males and females with schizophrenia","volume":"146","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318193e7b5","article-title":"Interactions in epidemiology: relevance, identification, and estimation","volume":"20","author":"Greenland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm128","article-title":"Validity of the premorbid adjustment scale","volume":"34","author":"Brill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0160949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160949","article-title":"Opposite cannabis-cognition associations in psychotic patients depending on family history","volume":"11","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041420040618800_CIT0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00177-7","article-title":"Cannabis and psychosis - Authors\u2019 reply","volume":"2","author":"Di Forti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/46\/3\/517\/33033305\/sbz077.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article-pdf\/46\/3\/517\/33033305\/sbz077.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:06:27Z","timestamp":1776211587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/schizophreniabulletin\/article\/46\/3\/517\/5540368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbz077","relation":{},"ISSN":["0586-7614","1745-1701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0586-7614","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-1701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]}}}