{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:43:46Z","timestamp":1784731426178,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]],"date-time":"2019-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Through a close reading of texts, this essay traces the development of catatonia from its origination in Kahlbaum\u2019s 1874 monograph to Kraepelin\u2019s catatonic subtype of his new category of Dementia Praecox (DP) in 1899. In addition to Kraepelin\u2019s second to sixth textbook editions, I examine the six articles referenced by Kraepelin: Kahlbaum 1874, Brosius 1877, Neisser 1887, Behr 1891, Sch\u00fcle 1897, and Aschaffenburg 1897 (Behr and Aschaffenburg worked under Kraepelin). While Brosius and Neisser confirmed Kahlbaum\u2019s descriptions, Behr, Sch\u00fcle, and Aschaffenburg concluded that his catatonic syndrome was nonspecific and only more narrowly defined forms, especially those with deteriorating course, might be diagnostically valid. Catatonia is first described by Kraepelin as a subform of Verr\u00fccktheit (chronic nonaffective delusional insanity) in his second to fourth editions. In his third edition, he adds a catatonic form of Wahnsinn (acute delusional-affective insanity). His fourth and fifth editions contain, respectively, catatonic forms of his two proto-DP concepts: Psychischen Entartungsprocesse and Die Verbl\u00f6dungsprocesse. Kahlbaum\u2019s catatonia required a sequential phasic course. Positive psychotic symptoms were rarely noted, and outcome was frequently good. While agreeing on the importance of key catatonic signs (stupor, muteness, posturing, verbigeration, and excitement), Kraepelin narrowed Kahlbaum\u2019s concept, dropping the phasic course, emphasizing positive psychotic symptoms and poor outcome. In his fourth to sixth editions, as he tried to integrate his three DP subtypes, he stressed, as suggested by Aschaffenburg and Sch\u00fcle, the close clinical relationship between catatonia and hebephrenia and emphasized the bizarre and passivity delusions seen in catatonia, typical of paranoid DP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T11:50:01Z","timestamp":1567338601000},"page":"471-483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Development of Kraepelin\u2019s Mature Diagnostic Concept of Catatonic Dementia Praecox: A Close Reading of Relevant Texts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Kenneth S","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0001","volume-title":"Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Aerzte","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1899","edition":"6th ed"},{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0002","volume-title":"Psychiatry, a Textbook for Students and Physicians (Translation of the 6th Edition of Psychiatrie-Translator Volume 2-Sabine Ayed)","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1990"},{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2377","article-title":"The development of Kraepelin\u2019s mature diagnostic concepts of paranoia (Die Verr\u00fccktheit) and paranoid dementia praecox (Dementia Paranoides): a close reading of his textbooks from 1887 to 1899","volume":"75","author":"Kendler","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0004","article-title":"The development of Kraepelin\u2019s mature diagnostic concept of hebephrenia: a close reading of relevant texts of Hecker, Daraszkiewicz and Kraepelin","author":"Kendler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0005","first-page":"170","article-title":"Ueber Katalepsie","volume":"48","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1892","journal-title":"Allgemeine Zeitschrift fur Psychiatrie"},{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0006","first-page":"1126","article-title":"\u00dcber Remissionen bei Katatonie","volume":"52","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1896","journal-title":"Allgemeine Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin"},{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0007","volume-title":"Catatonia: Translated from the German Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein (1874) by Y. Levij, M.D. and T. Pridan, M.D","author":"Kahlbaum","year":"1973"},{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0008","first-page":"770","article-title":"Die katatonie: eine psychiatrische skizze","volume":"33","author":"Brosius","year":"1877","journal-title":"Allgemeine Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin"},{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0009","volume-title":"\u00dcber Die Katatonie: Ein Beitrag zur Klinischen Psychiatrie","author":"Neisser","year":"1887"},{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth Edition, DSM-5.","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020041011553626000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190881191.001.0001","volume-title":"The madness of fear: a history of 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