{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:09:18Z","timestamp":1783166958087,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HG010567-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HG010567-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21-HG009205-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-HG009205-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Michigan MCubed","award":["#526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#526"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the twentieth century, state health authorities in California recommended sterilization for over 20,000 individuals held in state institutions. Asian immigrants occupied a marginalized position in racial, gender, and class hierarchies in California at the height of its eugenic sterilization program. Scholars have documented the disproportionate sterilization of other racialized groups, but little research exists connecting the racist, gendered implementation of Asian immigration restriction to the racism and sexism inherent in eugenics. This study examines patterns of coercive sterilization in Asian immigrants in California, hypothesizing higher institutionalization and sterilization rates among Asian-born compared with other foreign- and US-born individuals. We used complete count census microdata from 1910 to 1940 and digitized sterilization recommendation forms from 1920 to 1945 to model relative institutionalization and sterilization rates of Asian-born, other foreign-born, and US-born populations, stratified by gender. Other foreign-born men and women had the highest institutionalization rates in all four census years. Sterilization rates were higher for Asian-born women compared with US-born [Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR)\u00a0=\u00a02.00 (95% CI: 1.61, 2.48)] and other foreign-born women (p\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001) across the entire study period. Sterilization rates for Asian-born men were not significantly higher than those of US-born men [IRR 0.95 (95% CI 0.83, 1.10). However, an inflection point model incorporating the year of sterilization found higher sterilization rates for Asian-born men than for US-born men prior to 1933 [IRR 1.31 (95% CI 1.09, 1.59)]. This original quantitative analysis contributes to the literature demonstrating the health impact of discrimination on Asian-Americans and the disproportionate sterilization of racial minorities under state eugenics programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soad060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T05:32:55Z","timestamp":1682919175000},"page":"706-729","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Racialization and Reproduction: Asian Immigrants and California\u2019s Twentieth-Century Eugenic Sterilization Program"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Kaniecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90096 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole L","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Behavioral Health , College of Public Health, , Iowa City, IA 52242 , USA"},{"name":"University of Iowa , College of Public Health, , Iowa City, IA 52242 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Population and Development Studies , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Latina\/Latino Studies , College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, , Champaign, IL 61820 , USA"},{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, , Champaign, IL 61820 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni Ann","family":"Trevi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History , Humanities Programs, Texas Lutheran University, Seguin, TX 78155 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Population and Development Studies , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Minna","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90096 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023101216470938100_ref1","first-page":"418","article-title":"Deviancy, Dependency, and Disability: The Forgotten History of Eugenics and Mass Incarceration","volume":"68","author":"Appleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Duke Law Journal"},{"key":"2023101216470938100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226364339.001.0001","volume-title":"Defectives in the Land: Disability and Immigration in the Age of 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