{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:11:07Z","timestamp":1790727067913,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Atopic dermatitis and food allergy frequently coexist and are central features of the atopic march, which describes the progression from eczema to allergic rhinitis and asthma. Classical genetic factors, such as FLG mutations, account for only a partial contribution to disease susceptibility. Recent research highlights epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation, histone modification and noncoding RNAs, as pivotal determinants of immune dysregulation and barrier dysfunction. This review systematically examines shared epigenetic signatures between atopic dermatitis and food allergy, with particular emphasis on the interleukin (IL)-4\/IL-13 axis, FOXP3 methylation and epithelial gene silencing at the skin\u2013gut interface. By integrating evidence from genome-wide methylation and transcriptomic studies, it is proposed that epigenetic plasticity underlies the immune barrier crosstalk that drives atopic comorbidity. Elucidating these mechanisms provides a foundation for biomarker discovery and the development of personalized epigenetic therapies in allergy and dermatology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/skinhd\/vzag093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T11:48:00Z","timestamp":1778932080000},"page":"659-667","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shared epigenetic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis and food allergy: a review of immune dysregulation at the skin\u2013gut axis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0137-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick Steven","family":"Tajanlangit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University School of Medicine , Washington, DC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean Michael","family":"Tajanlangit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher , Washington, DC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01027.x","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: a disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation","volume":"242","author":"Boguniewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.28945","article-title":"Epigenome-wide association study reveals longitudinally stable DNA methylation differences in CD4+ T cells from children with IgE-mediated food allergy","volume":"9","author":"Martino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12531","article-title":"Mechanisms of allergic disease \u2013 environmental and genetic determinants for the development of allergy","volume":"45","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1767","article-title":"Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis","volume":"38","author":"Palmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0259-4","article-title":"Histone modifications and their role in epigenetics of atopy and allergic diseases","volume":"14","author":"Alaskhar Alhamwe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.98006","article-title":"Lipid abnormalities in atopic skin are driven by type 2 cytokines","volume":"3","author":"Berdyshev","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.03.006","article-title":"Skin barrier and immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis: an evolving story with important clinical implications","volume":"2","author":"Czarnowicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.11.013","article-title":"Specificity protein 1 is pivotal in the skin\u2019s anti-viral response","volume":"127","author":"Bin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40733-015-0012-4","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic studies of FOXP3 in asthma and allergy","volume":"1","author":"Marques","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asthma Res Pract"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.259","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells by DNA methylation","volume":"182","author":"Lal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-014-0424-x","article-title":"MicroRNAs in allergy and asthma","volume":"14","author":"Rebane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.10.013","article-title":"Dupilumab improves the molecular signature in skin of patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"134","author":"Hamilton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3444","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis","volume":"20","author":"Trompette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5030651","article-title":"Gut microbiota as potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cow\u2019s milk allergy","volume":"5","author":"Berni Canani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-\u00adderived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-016-0173-6","article-title":"Asthma and the microbiome: defining the critical window in early life","volume":"13","author":"Stiemsma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.04.032","article-title":"Epidemiologic risks for food allergy","volume":"121","author":"Lack","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1852","article-title":"Sensing the outside world: TSLP regulates barrier immunity","volume":"11","author":"Ziegler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1508749","article-title":"Innate immunity and asthma risk in Amish and Hutterite farm children","volume":"375","author":"Stein","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0713-2","article-title":"Air pollution and DNA methylation: effects of exposure in humans","volume":"11","author":"Rider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvaf013","article-title":"Prenatal ambient air pollution associations with DNA methylation in asthma- and allergy-relevant genes: findings from ECHO","volume":"11","author":"Palmore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Epigenet"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.043","article-title":"Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of DNA methylation and childhood asthma","volume":"143","author":"Reese","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026092919522396200_vzag093-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.08.022","article-title":"Dupilumab progressively improves systemic and cutaneous abnormalities in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"143","author":"Guttman-Yassky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Skin Health and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/skinhd\/article-pdf\/6\/5\/659\/68584518\/vzag093.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/skinhd\/article-pdf\/6\/5\/659\/68584518\/vzag093.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:52:29Z","timestamp":1790725949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/skinhd\/article\/6\/5\/659\/8713872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/skinhd\/vzag093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2690-442X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2690-442X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]}}}