{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:20:45Z","timestamp":1789158045406,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["313697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A common symptom of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). The gold standard test for EDS is the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). However, due to its high cost, MSLT is not routinely conducted for OSA patients and EDS is instead evaluated using sleep questionnaires. This is problematic however, since sleep questionnaires are subjective and correlate poorly with the MSLT. Therefore, new objective tools are needed for reliable evaluation of EDS. The aim of this study was to test our hypothesis that EDS can be estimated with neural network analysis of previous night polysomnographic signals. We trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier using electroencephalography, electrooculography, and chin electromyography signals from 2,014 patients with suspected OSA. The CNN was trained to classify the patients into four sleepiness categories based on their mean sleep latency (MSL); severe (MSL &amp;lt; 5min), moderate (5 \u2264 MSL &amp;lt; 10), mild (10 \u2264 MSL &amp;lt; 15), and normal (MSL \u2265 15). The CNN classified patients to the four sleepiness categories with an overall accuracy of 60.6% and Cohen\u2019s kappa value of 0.464. In two-group classification scheme with sleepy (MSL &amp;lt; 10 min) and non-sleepy (MSL \u2265 10) patients, the CNN achieved an accuracy of 77.2%, with sensitivity of 76.5%, and specificity of 77.9%. Our results show that previous night\u2019s polysomnographic signals can be used for objective estimation of EDS with at least moderate accuracy. Since the diagnosis of OSA is currently confirmed by polysomnography, the classifier could be used simultaneously to get an objective estimate of the daytime sleepiness with minimal extra workload.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T17:29:57Z","timestamp":1590600597000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Estimating daytime sleepiness with previous night electroencephalography, electrooculography, and electromyography spectrograms in patients with suspected sleep apnea using a convolutional neural network"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0615-4118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Nikkonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4686-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henri","family":"Korkalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-2115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samu","family":"Kainulainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9779-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Myllymaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7918-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akseli","family":"Leino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kalevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arie","family":"Oksenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Unit, Loewenstein Hospital\u2014Rehabilitation Center, Raanana, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4017-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Lepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8035-1606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juha","family":"T\u00f6yr\u00e4s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 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