{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:11:26Z","timestamp":1788390686323,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre"},{"name":"University College London Hospitals"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In adults, wakefulness can be markedly prolonged at the expense of sleep, e.g. to stay vigilant in the presence of a stressor. These extra-long wake bouts result in a heavy-tailed distribution (highly right-skewed) of wake but not sleep durations. In infants, the relative importance of wakefulness and sleep are reversed, as sleep is necessary for brain maturation. Here, we tested whether these developmental pressures are associated with the unique regulation of sleep\u2013wake states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 175 infants of 28\u201340 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), we monitored sleep\u2013wake states using electroencephalography and behavior. We constructed survival models of sleep\u2013wake bout durations and the effect of PMA and other factors, including stress (salivary cortisol), and examined whether sleep is resilient to nociceptive perturbations (a clinically necessary heel lance).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wake durations followed a heavy-tailed distribution as in adults and lengthened with PMA and stress. However, differently from adults, active sleep durations also had a heavy-tailed distribution, and with PMA, these shortened and became vulnerable to nociception-associated awakenings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep bouts are differently regulated in infants, with especially long active sleep durations that could consolidate this state\u2019s maturational functions. Curtailment of sleep by stress and nociception may be disadvantageous, especially for preterm infants given the limited value of wakefulness at this age. This could be addressed by environmental interventions in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T06:56:24Z","timestamp":1596869784000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Sleep\u2013wake regulation in preterm and term infants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7187-5443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasis","family":"Georgoulas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research IT Services, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Pureza","family":"Laudiano-Dray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Meek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Wing, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Fabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9787-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberley","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, 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