{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:36:22Z","timestamp":1792794982882,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research Development","award":["BX000798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX000798"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05eq41471","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research Development","award":["BX004216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX004216"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05eq41471","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS052287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS052287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS079940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS079940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep and wake are opposing behavioral states controlled by the activity of specific neurons that need to be located and mapped. To better understand how a waking brain falls asleep it is necessary to identify activity of individual phenotype-specific neurons, especially neurons that anticipate sleep onset. In freely behaving mice, we used microendoscopy to monitor calcium (Ca2+) fluorescence in individual hypothalamic neurons expressing the vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT), a validated marker of GABA neurons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>vGAT-Cre mice (male = 3; female = 2) transfected with rAAV-FLEX-GCaMP6M in the lateral hypothalamus were imaged 30 days later during multiple episodes of waking (W), non-rapid-eye movement sleep (NREMS) or REMS (REMS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>372 vGAT neurons were recorded in the zona incerta. 23.9% of the vGAT neurons showed maximal fluorescence during wake (classified as wake-max), 4% were NREM-max, 56.2% REM-max, 5.9% wake\/REM max, while 9.9% were state-indifferent. In the NREM-max group, Ca2+ fluorescence began to increase before onset of NREM sleep, remained high throughout NREM sleep, and declined in REM sleep.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that 60.2% of the vGAT GABA neurons in the zona incerta had activity that was biased towards sleep (NREM and REMS). A subset of vGAT neurons (NREM-max) became active in advance of sleep onset and may induce sleep by inhibiting the activity of the arousal neurons. Abnormal activation of the NREM-max neurons may drive sleep attacks and hypersomnia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T09:40:16Z","timestamp":1606988416000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Activity of a subset of vesicular GABA-transporter neurons in the ventral zona incerta anticipates sleep onset"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3344-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Blanco-Centurion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SiWei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"Vidal-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ralph H. 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