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Here we present a unique library and an accompanying automated method that we apply to investigate flow limitation during sleep.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A library of 117,871 breaths (N = 40 participants) were visually classified (certain flow limitation, possible flow limitation, normal) using airflow shape and physiological signals (ventilatory drive per intra-esophageal diaphragm EMG). An ordinal regression model was developed to quantify flow limitation certainty using flow-shape features (e.g. flattening, scooping); breath-by-breath agreement (Cohen\u2019s \u0199); and overnight flow limitation frequency (R2, %breaths in certain or possible categories during sleep) were compared against visual scoring. Subsequent application examined flow limitation frequency during arousals and stable breathing, and associations with ventilatory drive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The model (23 features) assessed flow limitation with good agreement (breath-by-breath \u0199 = 0.572, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and minimal error (overnight flow limitation frequency R2 = 0.86, error = 7.2%). Flow limitation frequency was largely independent of AHI (R2 = 0.16) and varied widely within individuals with OSA (74[32\u201395]%breaths, mean[range], AHI &amp;gt; 15\/h, N = 22). Flow limitation was unexpectedly frequent but variable during arousals (40[5\u201385]%breaths) and stable breathing (58[12\u201391]%breaths), and was associated with elevated ventilatory drive (R2 = 0.26\u20130.29; R2 &amp;lt; 0.01 AHI v. drive).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our method enables quantification of flow limitation frequency, a key aspect of obstructive sleep-disordered breathing that is independent of the AHI and often unavailable. Flow limitation frequency varies widely between individuals, is prevalent during arousals and stable breathing, and reveals elevated ventilatory drive.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trial registration: The current observational physiology study does not qualify as a clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T03:52:30Z","timestamp":1625802750000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Frequency of flow limitation using airflow shape"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2499-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dwayne L","family":"Mann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland , Brisbane ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Institute for Social Science Research, University of 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