{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T08:24:05Z","timestamp":1776414245132,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research","award":["N00014-11-1-0361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-11-1-0361"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX14AN49G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX14AN49G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC20K0243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC20K0243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH R01DK117488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01DK117488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Research Center","award":["UL1TR000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although trait-like individual differences in subjective responses to sleep restriction (SR) and total sleep deprivation (TSD) exist, reliable characterizations remain elusive. We comprehensively compared multiple methods for defining resilience and vulnerability by subjective metrics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 41 adults participated in a 13-day experiment: 2 baseline, 5 SR, 4 recovery, and one 36 h TSD night. The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Profile of Mood States Fatigue (POMS-F) and Vigor (POMS-V) were administered every 2 h. Three approaches (Raw Score [average SR score], Change from Baseline [average SR minus average baseline score], and Variance [intraindividual SR score variance]), and six thresholds (\u00b11 standard deviation, and the highest\/lowest scoring 12.5%, 20%, 25%, 33%, and 50%) categorized Resilient\/Vulnerable groups. Kendall\u2019s tau-b correlations compared the group categorization\u2019s concordance within and between KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V scores. Bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapped t-tests compared group scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were significant correlations between all approaches at all thresholds for POMS-F, between Raw Score and Change from Baseline approaches for KSS, and between Raw Score and Variance approaches for POMS-V. All Resilient groups defined by the Raw Score approach had significantly better scores throughout the study, notably including during baseline and recovery, whereas the two other approaches differed by measure, threshold, or day. Between-measure correlations varied in strength by measure, approach, or threshold.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only the Raw Score approach consistently distinguished Resilient\/Vulnerable groups at baseline, during sleep loss, and during recovery\u2012\u2012we recommend this approach as an effective method for subjective resilience\/vulnerability categorization. All approaches created comparable categorizations for fatigue, some were comparable for sleepiness, and none were comparable for vigor. Fatigue and vigor captured resilience\/vulnerability similarly to sleepiness but not each other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T15:34:18Z","timestamp":1631201658000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Raw scores on subjective sleepiness, fatigue, and vigor metrics consistently define resilience and vulnerability to sleep loss"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6727-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney E","family":"Casale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL 60612 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika M","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL 60612 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tess E","family":"Brieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL 60612 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5063-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline A","family":"Antler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL 60612 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2602-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namni","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL 60612 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396971-2.00007-5","article-title":"Circadian rhythms, sleep deprivation, and human performance","volume":"119","author":"Goel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59427-3.00021-6","article-title":"Managing neurobehavioral capability when social expediency trumps biological imperatives","volume":"199","author":"Spaeth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2003.00337.x","article-title":"Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose-response study","volume":"12","author":"Belenky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0799-x","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects and biomarkers of sleep loss in healthy adults","volume":"17","author":"Goel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237117","article-title":"Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation","volume":"29","author":"Goel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/19.4.318","article-title":"Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Pilcher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","first-page":"265","article-title":"Effects of reduced stimulation on neurobehavioral alertness depend on circadian phase during human sleep deprivation","volume":"26","author":"Dijkman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.2.117","article-title":"The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation","volume":"26","author":"Van Dongen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031400055629800_","first-page":"423","article-title":"Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability","volume":"27","author":"Van Dongen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.47.518","article-title":"Individual differences in vulnerability to sleep loss in the work environment","volume":"47","author":"Van Dongen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3302","article-title":"Sustained attention performance during sleep deprivation associates with instability in behavior and physiologic measures at baseline","volume":"37","author":"Chua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2010","article-title":"Trait-like vulnerability to total and partial sleep loss","volume":"35","author":"Rupp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14889","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14006-7","article-title":"Healthy adults display long-term trait-like neurobehavioral resilience and vulnerability to sleep loss","volume":"7","author":"Dennis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsz292","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz292","article-title":"Robust stability of trait-like vulnerability or resilience to common types of sleep deprivation in a large sample of adults","volume":"43","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"16","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614677114","article-title":"Recovery sleep after extended wakefulness restores elevated A1 adenosine receptor availability in the human brain","volume":"114","author":"Elmenhorst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172968","article-title":"Differential effects of modafinil on performance of low-performing and high-performing individuals during total sleep deprivation","volume":"196","author":"Caldwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy067","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy067","article-title":"The degree of radiation-induced DNA strand breaks is altered by acute sleep deprivation and psychological stress and is associated with cognitive performance in humans","volume":"41","author":"Moreno-Villanueva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4664","article-title":"Classifying vulnerability to sleep deprivation using baseline measures of psychomotor vigilance","volume":"38","author":"Patanaik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48280-4","article-title":"Classifying attentional vulnerability to total sleep deprivation using baseline features of psychomotor vigilance test performance","volume":"9","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.031","article-title":"Lapsing when sleep deprived: neural activation characteristics of resistant and vulnerable individuals","volume":"51","author":"Chee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.12.001","article-title":"Functional imaging of working memory following normal sleep and after 24 and 35 h of sleep deprivation: correlations of fronto-parietal activation with performance","volume":"31","author":"Chee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4896","article-title":"Increased automaticity and altered temporal preparation following sleep deprivation","volume":"38","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.8.999","article-title":"Donepezil improves episodic memory in young individuals vulnerable to the effects of sleep deprivation","volume":"32","author":"Chuah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12354","article-title":"Frontal metabolic activity contributes to individual differences in vulnerability toward total sleep deprivation-induced changes in cognitive function","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-020-01292-6","article-title":"Individual differences in working memory efficiency modulate proactive interference after sleep deprivation","volume":"85","author":"Riontino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12166","article-title":"Predicting vulnerability to sleep deprivation using diffusion model parameters","volume":"23","author":"Patanaik","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.20.3.390","article-title":"Intraindividual variability may not always indicate vulnerability in elders\u2019 cognitive performance","volume":"20","author":"Allaire","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Aging."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(77)80018-X","article-title":"Reaction time variability in epileptic and brain-damaged patients","volume":"13","author":"Bruhn","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.15.2.210.1896","article-title":"Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Fuentes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.14.4.588","article-title":"Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in older adults: comparison of adults with mild dementia, adults with arthritis, and healthy adults","volume":"14","author":"Hultsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychology."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26918","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction","volume":"3","author":"Banks","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031400055629800_","first-page":"253","article-title":"Sustained attention performance during sleep deprivation: evidence of state instability","volume":"139","author":"Doran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701754158","article-title":"A time to think: circadian rhythms in human cognition","volume":"24","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.09.009","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in cognitive performance: methodological constraints, protocols, theoretical underpinnings","volume":"90","author":"Blatter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.1.55","article-title":"Age-related changes in the time course of vigilant attention during 40 hours without sleep in men","volume":"29","author":"Adam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1080\/713756013","article-title":"There are stable individual differences in performance variability, both from moment to moment and from day to day","volume":"54","author":"Rabbitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol A."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00984.x","article-title":"Electrodermal lability as an indicator for subjective sleepiness during total sleep deprivation","volume":"21","author":"Michael","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S250586","article-title":"Effects of total and partial sleep deprivation on reflection impulsivity and risk-taking in deliberative decision-making","volume":"12","author":"Salfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.8.1100","article-title":"White matter differences predict cognitive vulnerability to sleep deprivation","volume":"32","author":"Rocklage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.018","article-title":"Functional connectivity during rested wakefulness predicts vulnerability to sleep deprivation","volume":"111","author":"Yeo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.12.021","article-title":"Sleep enhances false memories depending on general memory performance","volume":"208","author":"Diekelmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","volume-title":"Predictors of Interindividual Differences in Vulnerability to Neurobehavioral Consequences of Chronic Partial Sleep Restriction [doctoral dissertation]","author":"Galli","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52930-y","article-title":"Using a single daytime performance test to identify most individuals at high-risk for performance impairment during extended wake","volume":"9","author":"St Hilaire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00429.x","article-title":"Inter- and intra-individual variability in performance near the circadian nadir during sleep deprivation","volume":"13","author":"Frey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsaa224","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa224","article-title":"Residual, differential neurobehavioral deficits linger after multiple recovery night following chronic sleep restriction or acute total sleep deprivation","volume":"44","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.5777","article-title":"Effects of acute sleep deprivation resulting from night shift work on young doctors","volume":"28","author":"Sanches","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Med Port."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.534","article-title":"Subjective sleepiness ratings: the effects of sleep deprivation, circadian rhythmicity and cognitive performance","volume":"14","author":"Babkoff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/17.3.236","article-title":"Relations between performance and subjective ratings of sleepiness during a night awake","volume":"17","author":"Gillberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","first-page":"267","article-title":"Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4\u20135 hours per night","volume":"20","author":"Dinges","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00574.x","article-title":"The dynamics of neurobehavioural recovery following sleep loss","volume":"16","author":"Lamond","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1968","article-title":"Acute versus chronic partial sleep deprivation in middle-aged people: differential effect on performance and sleepiness","volume":"35","author":"Philip","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2006.00517.x","article-title":"Subjective sleepiness and accident risk avoiding the ecological fallacy","volume":"15","author":"Ingre","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"7346","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7346.1125","article-title":"Driver sleepiness and risk of serious injury to car occupants: population based case control study","volume":"324","author":"Connor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106123","article-title":"Sleep-deprived car-following: indicators of rear-end crash potential","volume":"156","author":"Mahajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/abb75e","article-title":"Motorcycling performance and sleepiness during an extended ride on a dynamic simulator: relationship with stress biomarkers","volume":"41","author":"Bougard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Meas."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199111000-00013","article-title":"A review of studies concerning effects of sleep deprivation and fatigue on residents\u2019 performance","volume":"66","author":"Samkoff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acad Med."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.02.004","article-title":"The self-reported causes of sleepiness in shift-working tram and truck drivers","volume":"78","author":"Onninen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp Res F Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12291","article-title":"Sleep inertia, sleep homeostatic and circadian influences on higher-order cognitive functions","volume":"24","author":"Burke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1999.00128.x","article-title":"Time course of sleep inertia dissipation in human performance and alertness","volume":"8","author":"Jewett","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.74.5.728","article-title":"Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness","volume":"74","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008994241","article-title":"Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual","volume":"52","author":"Akerstedt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031400055629800_","first-page":"355","article-title":"Full-scale and short-form of the Profile of Mood States: a factor analytic comparison","volume":"33","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sport Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4164","article-title":"Cognitive workload and sleep restriction interact to influence sleep homeostatic responses","volume":"37","author":"Goel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","volume-title":"Manual: Profile of Mood States","author":"McNair","year":"1971"},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","volume-title":"Profile of Mood States: Technical Update","author":"McNair","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026871","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and stressors: evidence for elevated negative affect in response to mild stressors when sleep deprived","volume":"12","author":"Minkel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emotion."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","volume-title":"rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests. R Package Version 0.6.0","author":"Kassambara"},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","volume-title":"Rank Correlation Methods","author":"Kendall","year":"1990","edition":"5"},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","volume-title":"The Concise Encyclopedia of Statistics","author":"Dodge","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","volume-title":"Statistics Without Maths for Psychology","author":"Dancey","year":"2007","edition":"4"},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","volume-title":"wBoot: Bootstrap Methods. R Package Version 1.0.3","author":"Weiss","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294119899896","article-title":"Self-reported sleep need, subjective resilience, and cognitive performance following sleep loss and recovery sleep","volume":"124","author":"Mantua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"31","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8009","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803770115","article-title":"Cognitive impairments by alcohol and sleep deprivation indicate trait characteristics and a potential role for adenosine A1 receptors","volume":"115","author":"Elmenhorst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000074386","article-title":"Aging and attenuated processing robustness. Evidence from cognitive and sensorimotor functioning","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gerontology."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R280","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00197.2002","article-title":"Individual differences in subjective and objective alertness during sleep deprivation are stable and unrelated","volume":"284","author":"Leproult","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3581.2013","article-title":"Predicting individual differences in response to sleep loss: application of current techniques","volume":"84","author":"Chandler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.03.017","article-title":"Interindividual variability in neurobehavioral response to sleep loss: a comprehensive review","volume":"89","author":"Tkachenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S312808","article-title":"Dissociation of subjective and objective alertness during prolonged wakefulness","volume":"13","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200977","article-title":"Microcomputer analyses of performance on a portable, simple visual RT task during sustained operations","volume":"17","author":"Dinges","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput"},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","first-page":"A47","article-title":"Behavioral attention raw scores best differentiate cognitive resilience and vulnerability to sleep loss","volume":"44","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.05.004","article-title":"Distinguishing sleepiness and fatigue: focus on definition and measurement","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2018.02.014","article-title":"Perceived fatigue and energy are independent unipolar states: supporting evidence","volume":"113","author":"Loy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031400055629800_","first-page":"153","article-title":"The prevalence of fatigue, sleepiness, and sleep disorders among petrochemical employees in Iran","volume":"6","author":"Choobineh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fatigue"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.07.005","article-title":"A controlled investigation into the psychological determinants of fatigue","volume":"72","author":"Craig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000301714","article-title":"Do \u2018sleepy\u2019 and \u2018tired\u2019 go together? Rasch analysis of the relationships between sleepiness, fatigue and nonrestorative sleep complaints in a nonclinical population sample","volume":"35","author":"Neu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00635.x","article-title":"Relationships between affect, vigilance, and sleepiness following sleep deprivation","volume":"17","author":"Franzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"17","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f9615d","article-title":"DQB1*0602 predicts interindividual differences in physiologic sleep, sleepiness, and fatigue","volume":"75","author":"Goel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2006.04.002","article-title":"Transport and industrial safety, how are they affected by sleepiness and sleep restriction?","volume":"10","author":"Philip","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","first-page":"519","article-title":"Fatigue, sleepiness, and medical errors.","volume-title":"Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices","author":"Jha","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","first-page":"41","article-title":"Fatigue, drowsy decision-making and medical error: issues of quality health care","volume-title":"JWASA","author":"Krueger","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","first-page":"kaab018","article-title":"Emotional vulnerability to short sleep predicts increases in chronic health conditions across 8 years","author":"Sin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7148-0_7","article-title":"Sleep and fatigue issues in military operations.","volume-title":"Sleep and Combat-Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder","author":"Shattuck","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5766","article-title":"Sleep and health resilience metrics in a large military cohort","volume":"39","author":"Seelig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031400055629800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/NNA.0000000000000435","article-title":"The effect of reported sleep, perceived fatigue, and sleepiness on cognitive performance in a sample of emergency nurses","volume":"47","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nurs Adm."}],"container-title":["Sleep"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsab228\/40571095\/zsab228.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/45\/1\/zsab228\/49517581\/zsab228.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/45\/1\/zsab228\/49517581\/zsab228.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T03:39:11Z","timestamp":1725766751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsab228\/6367754"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsab228","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-8105","1550-9109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-8105","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-9109","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"article-number":"zsab228"}}