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In the pyramidal neurons of mouse frontal cortex, we found that mitochondria and secondary lysosomes occupy a larger proportion of the cytoplasm after chronic sleep restriction compared to sleep, consistent with increased cellular burden due to extended wake. For each morphological parameter, the within-animal variance was high, suggesting that the effects of sleep and sleep loss vary greatly among neurons. However, the analysis was based on 4\u20135 mice\/group and a single section\/cell. Here, we applied serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to identify signatures of sleep and sleep loss in the Drosophila brain. Stacks of images were acquired and used to obtain full 3D reconstructions of the cytoplasm and nucleus of 263 Kenyon cells from adult flies collected after a night of sleep (S) or after 11 h (SD11) or 35 h (SD35) of sleep deprivation (9 flies\/group). Relative to S flies, SD35 flies showed increased density of dark clusters of chromatin and Golgi apparata and a trend increase in the percent of cell volume occupied by mitochondria, consistent with increased need for energy and protein supply during extended wake. Logistic regression models could assign each neuron to the correct experimental group with good accuracy, but in each cell, nuclear and cytoplasmic changes were poorly correlated, and within-fly variance was substantial in all experimental groups. Together, these results support the presence of ultrastructural signatures of sleep and sleep loss but underscore the complexity of their effects at the single-cell level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T17:01:13Z","timestamp":1631984473000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Identification of ultrastructural signatures of sleep and wake in the fly brain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Carlos C","family":"Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia S","family":"Loschky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2626-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna Maria","family":"Spano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Massaro Cenere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Tononi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2563-677X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Cirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2023032400062953300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237117","article-title":"Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation","volume":"29","author":"Goel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin 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