{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:23:38Z","timestamp":1776381818654,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001465","name":"American Thoracic Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ATS-2017-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ATS-2017-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013981","name":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["177-PA-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["177-PA-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHLBI K08HL143140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHLBI K08HL143140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL145470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL145470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DK063491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK063491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10OD026929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10OD026929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007911","name":"University of California, San Diego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS295R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS295R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea overlap syndrome is associated with excess mortality, and outcomes are related to the degree of hypoxemia. People at high altitudes are susceptible to periodic breathing, and hypoxia at altitude is associated with cardio-metabolic dysfunction. Hypoxemia in these scenarios may be described as superimposed sustained hypoxia (SH) plus intermittent hypoxia (IH), or overlap hypoxia (OH), the effects of which have not been investigated. We aimed to characterize the cardio-metabolic consequences of OH in mice.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>C57BL\/6J mice were subjected to either SH (FiO2 = 0.10), IH (FiO2 = 0.21 for 12 h, and FiO2 oscillating between 0.21 and 0.06, 60 times\/hour, for 12 h), OH (FiO2 = 0.13 for 12 h, and FiO2 oscillating between 0.13 and 0.06, 60 times\/hour, for 12 h), or room air (RA), n = 8\/group. Blood pressure and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test were measured serially, and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Systolic blood pressure transiently increased in IH and OH relative to SH and RA. RVSP did not increase in IH, but increased in SH and OH by 52% (p &amp;lt; .001) and 20% (p = .001). Glucose disposal worsened in IH and improved in SH, with no change in OH. Serum low- and very-low-density lipoproteins increased in OH and SH, but not in IH. Hepatic oxidative stress increased in all hypoxic groups, with the highest increase in OH.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>OH may represent a unique and deleterious cardio-metabolic stimulus, causing systemic and pulmonary hypertension, and without protective metabolic effects characteristic of SH.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T04:41:36Z","timestamp":1639197696000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Combined intermittent and sustained hypoxia is a novel and deleterious cardio-metabolic phenotype"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9243-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban A","family":"Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Gautane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huayi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elijah S","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanjun","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura A","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason X-J","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pritesh P","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingmei","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Catalan Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Valencia , Valencia , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1944-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luu V","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"},{"name":"Center for Physiological Genomics of Low Oxygen, University of California, San Diego , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatum S","family":"Simonson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , USA"},{"name":"Center for Physiological Genomics of Low Oxygen, University of California, San Diego , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3102-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar A","family":"Mesarwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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