{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:02:10Z","timestamp":1788444130200,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To review the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) as assessment of daytime sleepiness in the evaluation of treatment effects and driving fitness in central disorders of hypersomnolence (CDH).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a scoping review of studies using the MWT in patients with CDH (i.e. narcolepsy types 1 and 2, and idiopathic hypersomnia). N = 20 articles were included, comprising 683 patients and 129 controls. MWT effect sizes were compared to the Clinical Global Impression (GCI) scale and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). MWT sleep latency was correlated to objective driving performances. The role of motivation was evaluated by comparing MWTs of treatment studies (low motivation) to driving fitness studies (high motivation to stay awake). Healthy controls were compared to norm values.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MWT and CGI were both impacted by the same treatment; however, the MWT has higher effect sizes and was more sensitive to measure these effects. The MWT correlated fairly to moderately (\u03c1 = \u22120.26 to \u22120.56; p \u2264 .05) to objective driving performance. Motivation played a major role on MWT sleep latencies (d = 0.76 to 1.43; p \u2264 .001). Current norm values may not be valid, as sleep latency may be impacted by age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The MWTs applicability to measure treatment effects in CDH was confirmed, but age-adjusted norm values are needed. For a more complete evaluation of EDS it should be combined with subjective measures. Its reliability for driving fitness evaluation is insufficient, and motivation plays a major role. To predict or monitor driving performance in CDH, valid and easy methods should be developed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T14:30:45Z","timestamp":1650119445000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Usefulness of the maintenance of wakefulness test in central disorders of hypersomnolence: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5169-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Bijlenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Sleep-Wake Center , Heemstede , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6445-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastiaan","family":"Overeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sleep Medicine , Kempenhaeghe, Heeze , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1935-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf","family":"Fronczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Sleep-Wake Center , Heemstede , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert Jan","family":"Lammers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Sleep-Wake Center , Heemstede , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7558","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7575","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38863.638194.AE","article-title":"Awareness of driving while sleepy and road traffic accidents: prospective study in GAZEL cohort","volume":"333","author":"Nabi","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7346","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7346.1125","article-title":"Driver sleepiness and risk of serious injury to car occupants: population based case control study","volume":"324","author":"Connor","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9326","article-title":"Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment","volume":"17","author":"Maski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.1.113","article-title":"Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test","volume":"28","author":"Littner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy185","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy185","article-title":"Multiple treatment comparison in narcolepsy: a network meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Lehert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26367","article-title":"Impact of motivation on multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test measurements","volume":"1","author":"Bonnet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.1.123","article-title":"The clinical use of the MSLT and MWT","volume":"28","author":"Arand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnp.0000190416.62482.42","article-title":"Objective measures of sleepiness and wakefulness: application to the real world?","volume":"23","author":"Wise","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S244714","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for mitigating driving risk in patients with narcolepsy","volume":"16","author":"McCall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26505","article-title":"The MSLT and MWT should not be used for the assessment of workplace safety","volume":"2","author":"Bonnet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(82)90142-0","article-title":"Maintenance of wakefulness test: a polysomnographic technique for evaluation treatment efficacy in patients with excessive somnolence","volume":"53","author":"Mitler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(97)00010-2","article-title":"A normative study of the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT)","volume":"103","author":"Doghramji","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13","article-title":"Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample","volume":"5","author":"Hozo","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216669183","article-title":"Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and\/or mid-quartile range","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0016","first-page":"614","article-title":"Biostatistics 104: correlational analysis","volume":"44","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Singapore Med J."},{"key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0017","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00096.x","article-title":"Treatment of narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome with the new selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitor brofaromine-a pilot study","volume":"2","author":"Hohagen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.2.444","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy","volume":"49","author":"Broughton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(99)00014-3","article-title":"A randomized trial of the long-term, continued efficacy and safety of modafinil in narcolepsy","volume":"1","author":"Moldofsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.7.1327","article-title":"A pilot study on the effects of sodium oxybate on sleep architecture and daytime alertness in narcolepsy","volume":"27","author":"Mamelak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26368","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrates sodium oxybate is effective for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy","volume":"1","author":"Group","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000324549","article-title":"Sodium oxybate in narcolepsy with cataplexy: Zurich sleep center experience","volume":"65","author":"Poryazova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3480","article-title":"Modafinil improves real driving performance in patients with hypersomnia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Philip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4042","article-title":"Psychomotor vigilance task demonstrates impaired vigilance in disorders with excessive daytime sleepiness","volume":"10","author":"Thomann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.05.013","article-title":"Effect of oral JZP-110 (ADX-N05) treatment on wakefulness and sleepiness in adults with narcolepsy","volume":"16","author":"Bogan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12201","article-title":"Modafinil in the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Mayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5968","article-title":"Effect of oral JZP-110 (ADX-N05) on wakefulness and sleepiness in adults with narcolepsy: a phase 2b study","volume":"39","author":"Ruoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12386","article-title":"Improved vigilance after sodium oxybate treatment in narcolepsy: a comparison between in-field and in-laboratory measurements","volume":"25","author":"van Schie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.07.015","article-title":"Correlation between the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test in patients with narcolepsy participating in two clinical trials of sodium oxybate","volume":"38","author":"Erman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12587","article-title":"The Perception and Attention Functions test battery as a measure of neurocognitive impairment in patients with suspected central disorders of hypersomnolence","volume":"27","author":"Ramm","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.02.009","article-title":"Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, real and simulated driving in patients with narcolepsy\/hypersomnia","volume":"55","author":"Sagaspe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25423","article-title":"A randomized study of solriamfetol for excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy","volume":"85","author":"Thorpy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00744-2","article-title":"Solriamfetol for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in participants with narcolepsy with and without cataplexy: subgroup analysis of efficacy and safety data by cataplexy status in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13518","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13518","article-title":"Comparing objective wakefulness and vigilance tests to on-the-road driving performance in narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"31","author":"Bijlenga","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.02.037","article-title":"Efficacy of pitolisant in patients with high burden of narcolepsy symptoms: pooled analysis of short-term, placebo-controlled studies","volume":"81","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13210","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13210","article-title":"Relationship between sleep efficacy endpoints and measures of functional status and health-related quality of life in participants with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea treated for excessive daytime sleepiness","volume":"30","author":"Weaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2000.00177.x","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), the maintenance of wakefulness test and the epworth sleepiness scale: Failure of the MSLT as a gold standard","volume":"9","author":"Johns","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.04.004","article-title":"Driving simulators in the clinical assessment of fitness to drive in sleepy individuals: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Schreier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022081109191581400_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2021.01.009","article-title":"Eye blink parameters to indicate drowsiness during naturalistic driving in participants with obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Cori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Health"}],"container-title":["Sleep"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsac091\/43708652\/zsac091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/45\/8\/zsac091\/45329052\/zsac091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/45\/8\/zsac091\/45329052\/zsac091.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T09:20:07Z","timestamp":1660209607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsac091\/6569231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsac091","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-8105","1550-9109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-8105","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-9109","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"article-number":"zsac091"}}