{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:34:22Z","timestamp":1787009662610,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030E_205524\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030E_205524\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Bern, Switzerland","award":["41-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41-040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three papers currently published in SLEEP using two different mouse models of narcolepsy, including either Hcrt-tTa;TetO diptheria toxin-A (DTA) or Hypocretin knock-out (Hcrt-KO) mice, suggest important gender differences in narcolepsy expression. Specifically, these recent data corroborate previous findings in mice demonstrating that females show more cataplexy events and more total cataplexy expression than males. Moreover, in the neurotoxic DTA mouse model, females show earlier onset of cataplexy expression than males during active Hcrt cell loss. Finally, females show a doubling of cataplexy during estrous compared to other phases of the estrous cycle. These findings are reviewed in the broader context of prior published literature, including reported gender differences in Hcrt expression and hormonal influences on sleep and wakefulness. Although similar findings have not been reported in humans, a systematic evaluation of gender differences in human narcolepsy has yet to be performed. Taken together, these animal data suggest that more research exploring gender differences in human narcolepsy is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T18:47:18Z","timestamp":1654022838000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gender differences in narcolepsy: What are recent findings telling us?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3299-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus H","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern , Switzerland"},{"name":"Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute , 4975 Bradenton Ave., Dublin, Ohio, 43017 , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio L A","family":"Bassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac039","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac039","article-title":"The development of sleep\/wake disruption and cataplexy as hypocretin\/orexin neurons degenerate in male vs. female Orexin\/tTA; TetO-DTA mice","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac058","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac058","article-title":"Sex-related differences within sleep\u2013wake dynamics, cataplexy, and EEG fast-delta power in a narcolepsy mouse model","author":"Piilgaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac089","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac089","article-title":"Effects of sex and estrous cycle on sleep and cataplexy in narcoleptic mice","author":"Arthaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0226-9","article-title":"Narcolepsy\u2014clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Bassetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1826","article-title":"Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population","volume":"58","author":"Ohayon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsz091","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz091","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of narcolepsy in a US health care claims database, 2008\u20132010","volume":"42","author":"Scheer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6482","article-title":"Gender-specific differences in access to polysomnography and prevalence of sleep disorders","volume":"27","author":"Auer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Health."},{"issue":"01","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3370","article-title":"The impact of gender on timeliness of narcolepsy diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Won","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12044","article-title":"Clinical, polysomnographic and genome-wide association analyses of narcolepsy with cataplexy: a European Narcolepsy Network study","volume":"22","author":"Luca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6495","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0073-14.2014","article-title":"Conditional ablation of orexin\/hypocretin neurons: a new mouse model for the study of narcolepsy and orexin system function","volume":"34","author":"Tabuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.11.1417","article-title":"Running promotes wakefulness and increases cataplexy in orexin knockout mice","volume":"30","author":"Espa\u00f1a","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep\/32.1.111","article-title":"A consensus definition of cataplexy in mouse models of narcolepsy","volume":"32","author":"Scammell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644757","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.644757","article-title":"The impacts of age and sex in a mouse model of childhood Narcolepsy","volume":"15","author":"Coffey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81965-0","article-title":"The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (Orexin) receptor 2 gene","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6847","article-title":"Development of cataplexy in genetically narcoleptic dobermans","volume":"152","author":"Riehl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022121209194948000_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-054x.2002.02005.x","article-title":"The implications of gender and age at onset of first symptoms in narcoleptic patients in Germany\u2014results from retrospective evaluation of hospital records. 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